This document may be broadly used as a standard reference regarding the current state of the IVOCT imaging modality, intended for researchers and clinicians who use IVOCT and analyze IVOCT data.

The present study demonstrated for the first time that the napkin-ring sign demonstrated on coronary CTA was strongly associated with future ACS events, independent of other high-risk coronary CTA features. Detection of the napkin-ring sign could help identify coronary artery disease patients at high risk of future ACS events.

Background-Calcification is a common finding in human coronary arteries; however, the relationship between calcification patterns, plaque morphology, and patterns of remodeling of culprit lesions in a comparison of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and those with stable conditions has not been documented. Methods and Results-Preinterventional intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images of 178 patients were studied, 61 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 70 with unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and 47 with stable angina pectoris (SAP). The frequency of calcium deposits within an arc of less than 90°for all calcium deposits was significantly different in culprit lesions of patients with AMI, UAP, and SAP (PϽ0.0001). Moreover, the average number of calcium deposits within an arc of Ͻ90°per patient was significantly higher in AMI than in SAP (PϽ0.0005; meanϮSD, AMI 1.4Ϯ1.3, SAP 0.5Ϯ0.8). Conversely, calcium deposits were significantly longer in SAP patients (PϽ0.0001; meanϮSD, AMI 2.2Ϯ1.6, UAP 1.9Ϯ1.8, and SAP 4.3Ϯ3.2 mm). In AMI patients, the typical pattern was spotty calcification, associated with a fibrofatty plaque and positive remodeling. In ACS patients showing negative remodeling, no calcification was the most frequent observation. Conversely, SAP patients had the highest frequency of extensive calcification. Conclusions-Our observations show that IVUS allows the identification of vulnerable plaques in coronary arteries, not only by identifying a fibrofatty plaque and positive remodeling, but also by identifying a spotty pattern of calcification.