Recent and ongoing developments in microbiome science are enabling new frontiers of research for probiotics and prebiotics. Novel types, mechanisms, and applications currently under study have the potential to change scientific understanding as well as nutritional and healthcare applications of these interventions. The expansion of related fields of microbiome-targeted interventions, and an evolving landscape for implementation across regulatory, policy, prescriber, and consumer spheres, portends an era of significant change. In this review we examine recent, emerging, and anticipated trends in probiotic and prebiotic science, and create a vision for broad areas of developing influence in the field. HighlightsAn expanding range of candidate probiotic species and prebiotic substrates is emerging to address newly elucidated data-driven microbial niches and host targets.Overlapping with, and adjacent to, the probiotic and prebiotic fields, new variants of microbiome-modulating interventions are developing, including synbiotics, postbiotics, microbial consortia, live biotherapeutic products, and genetically modified organisms, with renewed interest in polyphenols, fibres, and fermented foods.

Briefing is the process of identifying and defining the client's requirements in the early design stage of a construction project. Previous research revealed that there are problems in the existing briefing practice. Recent investigations into the variables of briefing have led people to question whether the value management methodology can be applied in project briefing to improve the briefing practice. This paper describes a research project which seeks to establish a value management framework for project briefing to systematically identify and clarify client requirements, and represent these requirements precisely and explicitly to facilitate the design process. The research methodology and interim findings are presented in the paper. It is revealed that the theoretical foundation of the research supports the use of value management to the briefing process. Further validation of the proposed framework will be completed by conducting questionnaire survey and real-life case studies.

The individual tissues responded differently to trauma, and showed a wide range of values. The responses were not significantly correlated with each other and no pattern of tissue protein synthesis characteristic of critical illness was observed. However, both muscle protein and albumin synthesis rates correlated with metabolic status and clinical indices of the severity of illness.