These authors contributed equally to this work. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS The project was conceived and the experiments were planned by E.K. and B.W. We would like to note that Y.A. and K.E.B. had a comparable contribution to this study. The review of phenotypes and the sample collection were performed by B

This study evaluated the antibacterial effects, physical properties and bonding strengths of conventional glass-ionomer cements (GICs) containing antibiotics and determined the optimal concentration of antibiotics addition for use with the ART approach. Fuji IX GIC was used as a control. Three antibiotic mixtures, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline, were added to powdered GIC (Fuji IX) to obtain concentration ratios of 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5% w/w. The antibacterial activity of each GIC was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans or Lactobacillus casei using agar-diffusion methods. The release of antibiotics was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The compressive strength and bonding strength to dentin were measured and compared with those of control samples. The results were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon test. All tested groups showed a significantly greater inhibition with growth of the selected bacteria in comparison to the control groups (p < 0.01). However, the 3% and 4.5% concentration ratios of antibiotics had significantly lower compressive strength and lower bond strength to dentin than the control group (p = 0.003). The GIC-containing antibiotics were effective in inhibiting S Mutans and L Casei. The addition of a 1.5% antibiotic mixture was optimal to giving appropriate physical and bonding properties.

Differences were found between EXPs regarding MS levels at days 1, 7 and 60 as well as for LB at all time periods (p<0.05). VHN decreased in EXPs compared to CNTs (p<0.05), and no differences were found between EXPs (p>0.05). CFR patterns tended to decrease in EXPs compared to the CNTs, but no differences were found between EXPs (p>0.05) CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These mixtures could be recommended for ART procedures to provide beneficial antibacterial effects without seriously deteriorating the physical properties of selected GICs.

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