Nonedible vegetable-based oil was recently explored due to the demand for a sustainable element in a machining process. The aim of this study is to critically analyse the tribological performance of nanofluid from nonedible (modified jatropha oil, MJO) nanofluid added with activated carbon nanoparticles. The tribology test was conducted through four-ball test using various concentration ratios of nanoparticles. According to the findings, MJOa2 (0.025wt.% activated carbon in MJO) showed the lowest coefficient of friction and mean wear scar diameter, produced a smoother surface with low surface roughness value, followed by MJOa3 (0.05wt.% activated carbon in MJO), MJOa1 (0.01wt.% activated carbon in MJO) and synthetic ester (SE). Therefore, MJOa2 was considerably suitable for metalworking fluid application which emphasizing the element of sustainability.

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As a metalworking fluid, vegetable-based crude jatropha oil (CJO) was used in place of petroleum-based oil. The use of petroleum-oil-based metalworking fluids poses significant environmental and health concerns. Furthermore, it has a large amount of free fatty acid (FFA), promoting physical damage. This research targets to substantially evaluate the modified jatropha nanofluids formulation as a metalworking fluid for machining processes. CJO was chemically altered using the esterification and transesterification processes to produce modified jatropha oil (MJO). To make the nanofluids, MJO was mixed with nanoparticles of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) + Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) and Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) + Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) at a concentration of 0.025 wt.%. The viscosity and acid value of MJO nanofluids were assessed using ASTM standards and compared to a synthetic ester (SE). All the data indicates that the physical attributes improved throughout storage. It is possible to conclude that MJOhw (MJO + 0.025 wt.% hBN + WS2) has the ability as a long-term metalworking fluid for the machining operation. According to the experiment results, MJOhw surpasses non-additive MJO in terms of kinematic viscosity by 5.91% at 40 °C and 15.6% at 100 °C. During a one-month duration of storage time, MJOhw also improve viscosity index (319) by 18.15%. Furthermore, MJOhw has an acid value ranging from 0.34 to 0.58 mg NaOH/g. Finally, the inclusion of additives aids MJO in improving its qualities by 31.1% reduction in acid value and MJOhw demonstrates outstanding lubricating properties across all samples.

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a machining process in terms of thermoelectric that removes metal by discharging a discrete sparks series of the metal and workpiece. The cutting tool in EDM has used an electric spark to cut the workpiece of sample and produce the finished part to the demanded shape. Vegetable oil as the dielectric fluid is one way to ensure EDM's long-term viability because it is environmentally friendly and biodegradable. The main objective of this preliminary study is to compare the uses of modified bio-degradable and conventional dielectric fluid performance for a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with a copper (Cu) electrode using a sustainable EDM process in terms of electrode wear rate (EWR). To achieve a concentration of viscosity rate as kerosene fluids, RBD palm oil has been transesterified. The effect of EWR of kerosene and modified RBD palm oil as dielectric fluids was investigated in this paper for response variables of pulse duration (ton) of 50, 100, and 150μs, and peak current (Ip) of 6, 9, and 12A. The morphology of the copper electrode, as well as the migration of workpiece material elements to the tool electrode, were studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lowest EWR was recorded at Ip=6A with ton=150μs, which is 0.0416mm3/min and 0.0432mm3/min, and the highest EWR was recorded at Ip=12A with ton=50μs, which is 0.1725mm3/min and 0.2324mm3/min, for modified RBD palm oil compared to kerosene, respectively. The EWR rises as thepeak current rises, but it decreases as the pulse duration increases. The uses of modified RBD palm oil shows slightly different results compared to kerosene.

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