Summary Systematic genetic access to GABAergic cell types will facilitate studying the function and development of inhibitory circuitry. However, single gene-driven recombinase lines mark relatively broad and heterogeneous cell populations. Although intersectional approaches improve precision, it remains unclear whether they can capture cell types defined by multiple features. Here we demonstrate that combinatorial genetic and viral approaches target restricted GABAergic subpopulations and cell types characterized by distinct laminar location, morphology, axonal projection, and electrophysiological properties. Intersectional embryonic transcription factor drivers allow finer fate mapping of progenitor pools that give rise to distinct GABAergic populations, including laminar cohorts. Conversion of progenitor fate restriction signals to constitutive recombinase expression enables viral targeting of cell types based on their lineage and birth time. Properly designed intersection, subtraction, conversion, and multi-color reporters enhance the precision and versatility of drivers and viral vectors. These strategies and tools will facilitate studying GABAergic neurons throughout the mouse brain.

Experience-driven synaptic plasticity in the lateral amygdala (LA) is thought to underlie the formation of associations between sensory stimuli and an ensuing threat. However, how the central amygdala (CeA) participates in such learning process remains unclear. Here we show that PKC-δ-expressing CeA neurons are essential for the synaptic plasticity underlying learning in the LA, as they convey information about unconditioned stimulus to LA neurons during fear conditioning.

In summary, among the wide heterogenetic population, modest associations between VVV of SBP and all-cause mortality, CVD incidence, CVD mortality, CHD incidence, and stroke incidence were found. Findings of the current study suggested that standardized approaches of monitoring VVV in the high-risk population, including patients with cardiac infarction, diabetes, stroke, and patients with chronic kidney disease or in dialysis, are necessary in designing a prospective clinical study on the association of VVV and patients' prognosis.