This study examined cognitive and emotional reactions to family discussions as experienced by sons and mothers from homes with physically aggressive (PA), verbally aggressive (VA), and low-conflict (LC) marital relationships. Boys of PA couples demonstrated more self-interference, self-distraction, and arousal and less criticism than did other sons in reaction to stimulated parental conflict. Boys of LC parents were more optimistic about family conflict and articulated more ideas concerning family structure and how conflict "should" proceed than did other sons. PA mothers made more positive evaluations and offered more autocratic suggestions than did VA mothers. Also, LC mothers, compared with both conflictual groups, made more democratic statements in response to low-conflict situations. These results indicate that marital conflict experienced in the home may influence sons' and mothers' appraisals of family and marital interactions.

IntroductionConstitutively activated tyrosine kinases are increasingly being recognized as fusion oncoproteins in hematologic malignancies, the best known example being bcr-abl in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) associated with the Philadelphia chromosome. 1 More recently fusion proteins have been described involving the platelet-derived growth factor ␤ receptor (PDGF␤R) in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) 2-4 and acute myelogenous leukemia 5 and the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) in a stem cell myeloproliferative disorder. [6][7][8] An emerging pattern of similarity between these fusion proteins has been noted. The 3Ј fusion gene contains the tyrosine kinase domain, whereas the 5Ј gene has an oligomerization domain, necessary for activating the tyrosine kinase. However, it is also becoming clear that both fusion partners also confer their own unique properties that might explain the more subtle differences that exist between the transforming properties of these different fusion oncogenes. The 3 different bcr-abl fusion oncoproteins, p190 bcr-abl , p210 bcr-abl , and p230 bcr-abl , are associated with different hematologic malignancies. The p190 bcr-abl is associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, p210 bcr-abl with CML, and p230 bcr-abl with a rare leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia. 1 The only difference between these fusion oncogenes is the size of the 5Ј bcr partner gene, demonstrating the importance of the 5Ј partner in determining the transformed phenotype.The tyrosine kinases in the abl, PDGF␤R, and FGFR1 fusion oncoproteins are constitutively activated 6,7,9-11 and thus are able to activate downstream growth stimulatory or antiapoptotic pathways. Although this indicates that disruption of the normal regulation of the involved tyrosine kinase is critical to the transforming properties, less is known about whether disruption of the normal function of the 5Ј partner gene might also have an important role. The fusion oncoprotein promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor-␣ (PML-RAR␣), seen in acute promyelocytic leukemia, interferes with both PML 12 and RAR␣ pathways, 13 thus, acting as a double dominantnegative oncoprotein. Little is known about the normal role of the 5Ј fusion partners in the various abl, PDGF␤R, and FGFR1 fusion oncoproteins, limiting the ability to study the effects of the fusion proteins on the normal pathways of the involved 5Ј fusion partner.Here we describe cloning of a new PDGF␤R fusion protein from a patient with CMML and show that this novel fusion oncogene can transform hematopoietic cells. The 3Ј PDGF␤R, including the split tyrosine kinase domain, is fused in-frame to Rabaptin-5, an important regulator of early endosomal transport through interaction with the small Ras-related GTPases, Rab4 and Rab5. 14,15 The fusion protein incorporates 85% of native Rabaptin-5, including 3 of 4 coiled-coil domains (involved in homodimerization of native Rabaptin-5), 15 2 caspase-3 cleavage sites, 16 and a binding site for the tumor suppressor gene...

Fumigant applicators who, 6 weeks to 3 months earlier, were exposed to phosphine, a common grain fumigant, or to phosphine and other pesticides had significantly increased stable chromosome rearrangements, primarily translocations in G-banded lymphocytes. Less stable aberrations including chromatid deletions and gaps were significantly increased only during the application season, but not at this later time point. During fumigant application, measured exposure to phosphine exceeds accepted national standards. Because phosphine is also used as a dopant in the microchip industry and is generated in waste treatment, the possibility of more widespread exposure and long-term health sequelae must be considered.