Antifracture efficacy of high-dose vitamin D (800 IU) and calcium (1000 mg) remains controversial. To determine whether daily 800 IU of vitamin D and 1000 mg of calcium supplementation prevents fractures, we randomized 3432 women of the population-based Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention (OSTPRE) Study cohort (ages 65 to 71 years) living in the region of northern Savonia, Finland (latitude 628 to 648N) for 3 years to receive 800 IU of cholecalciferol and 1000 mg of calcium as calcium carbonate or to a control group that did not receive placebo. The main outcome measure was incident fractures. Fracture data were collected in telephone interviews and validated. Data on 3195 women, 1586 in the intervention group and 1609 in the control group, were available for analysis. In adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, the risk of any fracture decreased in the vitamin D and calcium group by 17% [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) ¼ 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-1.12], and the risk of any nonvertebral fracture decreased by 13% (aHR ¼ 0.87; 95% CI 0.63-1.19). The risk of distal forearm fractures decreased by 30% (aHR ¼ 0.70; 95% CI 0.41-1.20), and the risk of any upper extremity fractures decreased by 25% (aHR ¼ 0.75; 95% CI 0.49-1.16), whereas the risk of lower extremity fractures remained essentially equal (aHR ¼ 1.02; 95% CI 0.58-1.80). None of these effects reached statistical significance. In conclusion, this study did not produce statistically significant evidence that vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents fractures in a 65-to 71-year-old general population of postmenopausal women. ß

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Background: Environmental and lifestyle factors such as breast-feeding and pets seem to affect atopic disease prevalence. We identified risk factors for allergic diseases. Methods: We prospectively followed until the age of 5 years a cohort of 1,223 children born into allergic families, who participated in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of probiotics as preventive against allergic disease. We evaluated the cumulative incidence of allergic diseases with questionnaires and examined all children at the ages of 2 and 5 years. Results: Compared to allergy in one parent only, allergy in both parents conferred an increased risk of allergic disease at the ages of 2 (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.11–2.42, p = 0.013) and 5 (OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.24–2.70, p = 0.002) and at the age of 2 for eczema (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.17–2.58, p = 0.006). Exclusive breast-feeding over 2 months elevated the risk of eczema at the ages of 2 (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.15–2.61, p = 0.009) and 5 (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.03–2.23, p = 0.036). Cat or dog exposure at 0–2 years and at 0–5 years protected against IgE sensitization until 5 years of age (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.37–1.00, p = 0.048, and OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.39–0.96, p = 0.033), and exposure at the ages of 0–5 years protected against allergic rhinitis until the age of 5 (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.25–0.85, p = 0.013) in the probiotic group. Conclusions: Allergy in both parents is an independent predictor of eczema and of allergic disease until the ages of 2 and 5. Long, exclusive breast-feeding was associated with increased eczema at the ages of 2 and 5, and cat or dog exposure was associated with decreased IgE sensitization and allergic rhinitis in the probiotic group.