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A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, coccus-shaped, non-spore-forming actinobacterium, designated strain N5BH11T, was isolated from a surface-sterilized sample of Mentha haplocalyx Briq. collected from Guizhou, PR China and tested by a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. Strain N5BH11T grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 6.0–7.0. Substrate mycelia and aerial mycelia were not formed, and no diffusible pigments were observed on the media tested. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence suggested that strain N5BH11T belonged to the genus Nakamurella and had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Nakamurella flavida DS-52T (98.1 %). The DNA G+C content of strain N5BH11T was 71.6 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values between strain N5BH11T and the type strains of Nakamurella panacisegetis , Nakamurella multipartita and Nakamurella lactea were 74.0, 76.5 and 73.6 %, respectively. The estimated DDH values between strain N5BH11T and the type strains of N. panacisegetis , N. multipartita and N. lactea were 20.3%, 21.4 and 20.2 %, respectively. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and MK-8(H4) was the predominant menaquinone. The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and unidentified phospholipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c. On the basis of the results of phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain N5BH11T represents a novel species of the genus Nakamurella , for which the name Nakamurella flava sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N5BH11T (=KCTC 49196T=CGMCC 4.7524T).

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Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) trees, with fasciation symptoms (PF), were observed in an orchard located in suburban Tai'an, Shandong Province, China. A specific fragment of the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene, approximately 1.2 kb in length, was amplified from two symptomatic plants via nested polymerase chain reaction, while no fragment was obtained from healthy controls. The two samples (PF1 and PF2) resulted with 99.5% nucleotide sequence identity. Phylogenetic and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that PF1 was a member of ribosomal subgroup B of the elm yellows group (16SrV), and PF2 may represent a novel subgroup within the 16SrV group, designed as 16SrV-I. This is the first report of phytoplasmas of the 16SrV group associated with persimmon fasciation disease.

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