Background: To investigate soft-and hard-tissue changes after augmented corticotomy in Chinese adult patients with skeletal Angle Class III malocclusion. Methods: This non-randomized controlled trial included 357 anterior teeth from 30 Chinese adult patients with skeletal Angle Class III malocclusion for whom the proposed treatment was augmented corticotomy. Jaws receiving surgery were allocated to a test group (S, surgical group, n = 47) and jaws not receiving surgery were allocated to a control group (NS, non-surgical group, n = 13). Changes in the periodontal biotype, width of the keratinized gingiva (WKG), and labial and lingual horizontal bone thicknesses (BTs) were compared 6 months after surgery by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: After adjustment for confounding variables, average gains of 0.473 mm in the WKG and 0.649 mm in the labial BT were found in the S group relative to the NS group (P <0.05). The odds of transition from a thin periodontal biotype to a thick biotype in the S group were about 230 times those in the NS group, and the odds of the reverse biotype transition in the NS group were about 83 times those in the S group (P <0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, augmented corticotomy is a promising approach to improve insufficient periodontal soft and hard tissues in Chinese adult patients with skeletal Angle Class III malocclusion. K E Y W O R D S alveolar bone thickness, augmented corticotomy, periodontal biotype, skeletal Angle Class III malocclusion, width of keratinized gingiva

Histological haematoxylin and eosin stained (H&E) tissue sections are used as the gold standard for pathologic detection of cancer, tumour margin detection, and disease diagnosis1. Producing H&E sections, however, is invasive and time consuming. Non invasive optical imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), permit label free, micron scale 3D imaging of biological tissue microstructure with significant depth (up to 1mm) and large fields of view2, but are difficult to interpret and correlate with clinical ground truth without specialized training3. Here we introduce the concept of a virtual biopsy, using generative neural networks to synthesize virtual H&E sections from OCT images. To do so we have developed a novel technique, optical barcoding, which has allowed us to repeatedly extract the 2D OCT slice from a 3D OCT volume that corresponds to a given H&E tissue section, with very high alignment precision down to 25 microns. Using 1,005 prospectively collected human skin sections from Mohs surgery operations of 71 patients, we constructed the largest dataset of H&E images and their corresponding precisely aligned OCT images, and trained a conditional generative adversarial network4 on these image pairs. Our results demonstrate the ability to use OCT images to generate high fidelity virtual H&E sections and entire 3D H&E volumes. Applying this trained neural network to in vivo OCT images should enable physicians to readily incorporate OCT imaging into their clinical practice, reducing the number of unnecessary biopsy procedures.

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