Individuals with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are potentially at increased vulnerability during the Covid-19 pandemic and require additional help to reduce risk. Self-management is one effective strategy and this study investigated the effect of sociodemographic and health factors on the self-management of some non-communicable diseases, namely hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, among Chilean adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional telephone survey was carried out on 910 participants with NCDs, from Santiago, Chile. An adapted and validated version of the “Partners in Health” scale was used to measure self-management. Exploratory Factor analysis yielded five dimensions of this scale: Disease Knowledge, Healthcare Team Relationship, General Self-Management and Daily Routines, Drug Access and Intake, and Monitoring and Decision-Making. The average of these dimensions was calculated to create a new variable Self-Management Mean, which was used as a dependent variable together with the five separate dimensions. Independent variables included age, gender, years of schooling, number of diseases, the percentage of Multidimensional Poverty Index in the commune of residence, and self-rated health status. Beta regressions and ANOVA for the Beta regression residuals were utilized for analyses. Beta regression model explained 8.1% of the variance in Self-Management Mean. Age, years of schooling, number of diseases and self-rated health status were statistically associated with Self-Management Mean and dimensions related to daily routines and health decision making, such as Disease Knowledge, General Self-Management and Daily Routines, and Monitoring and Decision-Making. Gender and the percentage of Multidimensional Poverty Index in the commune of residence were insignificant. Strategies for self-management of NCDs during a crisis should consider age, years of schooling, number of diseases, and self-rated health status in their design.
Right to food in the Chilean constitution: legal, social and nutritional elements for a proposalBackground: The Human Right to Food is not incorporated in the Chilean Constitution. Aim: To identify the legal, social, and nutritional elements for its incorporation into the new Constitution, and to draft a text proposal for the constituent discussion. Material and Methods: Descriptive and qualitative study on the perceptions of experts and key actors of the food chain in Chile. The sample was for convenience and included civil society, academia, international organizations, parliamentarians, food traders and producers, and national and local authorities (n = 26). The research team, previously trained and standardized, applied semi-structured online surveys, which were recorded and transcribed. Through an inductive approach, a thematic analysis was carried out using the Atlas.ti 9.0 software. Results: Eighty-one percent of the interviewees were in favor of the Constitutional incorporation of the Right to Food. According to interviews, a constitutional text was proposed considering the characteristics of adequate, healthy, safe, and nutritious foods. Also, the food items must be available, physically and economically accessible, and culturally relevant. A guaranteed citizen participation, food sovereignty, food security, and environmental sustainability must be considered. Conclusions: The high prevalence of malnutrition due to excess, poor diet, and food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a current Constitution that does not explicitly guarantee physical and economic access to food, establish a factual and normative background that justifies the incorporation of this right in a new Constitution.
Antecedentes: La Escuela de Obstetricia de la Universidad de Chile fue pionera en implementar un plan de formación basado en competencias en 2009, en el marco del inicio de la innovación curricular de la Facultad de Medicina. Objetivo: Describir la percepción estudiantil de la primera evaluación de ciclo curricular, correspondiente a los dos primeros años de la carrera, durante el año 2017. Material y Método: El estudio es de diseño mixto convergente. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de encuestas autoaplicadas. Participaron 47 estudiantes que habían finalizado los dos primeros años de su formación. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la encuesta de salida con 14 preguntas y dos preguntas adicionales abiertas sobre fortalezas y debilidades de su formación curricular. Resultados: Casi un cien por ciento de los participantes estuvo de acuerdo con la formación curricular y la coherencia de los cursos del plan de estudios. Dentro de los aspectos a mejorar destacan que no se entregó suficiente retroalimentación en las evaluaciones y que el tiempo no presencial de los cursos fue escaso. De forma positiva mencionaron la formación y disponibilidad del equipo docente, la progresión de contenidos en el plan de formación y las estrategias didácticas. Conclusión: En general la percepción fue positiva en relación al primer ciclo curricular del plan de formación basado en competencias, destacando su coherencia y equipo docente. La sobrecarga académica y la retroalimentación fueron los principales aspectos a mejorar, lo cual permitió implementar estrategias de mejora en el plan de formación. Este estudio evidencia la importancia de la evaluación y seguimiento constante curricular. Palabras claves: Currículum, educación basada en competencia, matronas.
Objetivos: Comparar indicadores materno-perinatales entre gestantes chilenas y peruanas en Santiagode Chile entre enero y julio del 2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico en 1578 chilenasy 318 peruanas atendidas en un hospital clínico de Santiago. Se realizó un análisis comparativo delas variables materno-perinatales por nacionalidad. Se realizaron modelos logísticos crudos y ajustadoscon sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: Las gestantes peruanas residían en promedio5,7 años en Chile, tenían más edad (28,1 ± 6,5 vs. 26,6 ± 6,5 años), menos desocupación (52,3% vs.60,6%), más probabilidad de ingreso tardío al control prenatal (CP) (OR: 2,17, IC 95%: 1,69-2,78) y detener anemia (OR: 3,45, IC 95%: 2,13-5,56) asociada al ingreso tardío a CP (OR ajustado: 0,43, IC95%:0,33-0,56). Las gestantes chilenas tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de obesidad al ingreso al CP (OR:2,48 IC 95%: 1,81-3,41) y al parto (OR: 2,03, 1,57-2,62). Así como, de diabetes gestacional (DG) (OR:2,12, IC 95%: 1,24-3,61), parto prematuro (OR: 2,82, IC 95%: 1,59-5,01) e hijos con bajo peso al nacer(BPN) (OR: 3,10, IC 95%: 1,51-6,33). En el modelo ajustado la obesidad se asoció en forma independientea la DG (OR ajustado: 3,8, IC 95%: 2,44-6,18) y al BPN (OR ajustado: 3,34, IC95%: 2,33-4,85). Conclusiones:El efecto del migrante sano se observa en gestantes inmigrantes peruanas, principalmente enresultados perinatales. Es necesario favorecer el ingreso precoz a la atención prenatal, prevenir la anemiay la obesidad, para evitar resultados materno-perinatales adversos en esta población.
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