This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell–driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous or inducible urticaria is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert‐guided and evidence‐based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.
There is cross-reactivity between Ascaris and mites, determined by several allergens including tropomyosin and glutathione-S-transferase. In addition to its potential impact on asthma pathogenesis, Ascaris infection and mite allergy diagnosis relying on the determination of specific IgE could be affected by this cross-reactivity. ABA-1 has no cross-reactive counterpart in mite extracts, suggesting its usefulness as a more specific marker of Ascaris infection.
SummaryThe 13q33-34 region harbours a susceptibility locus to Ascaris lumbricoides, although the underlying genes are unknown. Immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG confer protective immunity and here we sought to investigate in an endemic population whether LIG4, TNFSF13B and IRS2 genes influence IgE and IgG levels against Ascaris and the ABA-1 allergen as a putative resistance marker. Mite-allergic asthmatic patients were analysed for potential relationships between Ascaris predisposition and allergy. One thousand and sixty-four subjects from Cartagena, Colombia, were included. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using TaqMan assays. Antibody levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Linear and logistic regressions were used to model effects of genotypes on antibody levels. The GG genotype of LIG4 (rs1805388) was associated with higher IgE levels to Ascaris compared with other genotypes. TNFSF13B (rs10508198) was associated positively with IgG levels against Ascaris extract and IgE levels against ABA-1. In asthmatics, IRS2 (rs2289046) was associated with high total IgE levels. Associations held up after correction by population stratification using a set of 52 ancestry markers, age, sex and disease status. There was no association with asthma or mite sensitization. In a tropical population, LIG4 and TNFSF13B polymorphisms are associated with specific IgE and IgG to Ascaris, supporting previous linkage studies implicating the 13q33 region. Our results suggest that genes protecting against parasite infections can be different to those predisposing to asthma and atopy.
Se elaboró un índice de vulnerabilidad ante el COVID-19 para México a escala municipal (2,457 municipios) que permite identificar la distribución espacial de los diferentes factores que generan mayor susceptibilidad al daño o las consecuencias adversas que pueden tener las personas. El índice integra tres dimensiones de vulnerabilidad: demográfica, de salud y socioeconómica. A su vez, cada dimensión integra una serie de indicadores relacionados con el tipo de vulnerabilidad que expresan. La información resultante facilita la toma de decisiones sustentada en bases científicas.El índice de vulnerabilidad está clasificado en cuatro grados: Medio, Alto, Muy Alto y Crítico. El grado medio de vulnerabilidad se encuentra principalmente en los grandes centros urbanos que cuentan con la mayor infraestructura de salud, y la mayor capacidad económica. 63.2% de la población vive en municipios con vulnerabilidad media. El grado alto de vulnerabilidad se presenta en municipios con localidades urbanas de tamaño medio, y con una proporción de población indígena ligeramente menor a la media nacional. La infraestructura de salud es escasa. Su marginación se encuentra ligeramente debajo del promedio nacional. 17.6% de la población nacional reside en estos municipios. El grado muy alto de vulnerabilidad se observa en municipios que concentran 11.7% de la población nacional. Se trata de municipios de marginación por arriba del promedio nacional con áreas urbanas pequeñas. El porcentaje de población indígena se encuentra por arriba del promedio nacional. La infraestructura de salud es muy escasa, con una tasa de hacinamiento mayor a las primeras dos categorías. Los hogares cuentan con pocos medios de comunicación, y la producción económica es precaria.El grado crítico de vulnerabilidad se presenta en municipios que concentran al 7.5% de la población del país. Se trata de municipios primordialmente rurales con el porcentaje más alto de personas mayores de 60 años y una importante proporción de población indígena. Los servicios de salud son críticamente escasos. Su marginación está muy por arriba de la media nacional, muestran el mayor nivel de hacinamiento, el menor acceso a medios de comunicación y una economía muy precaria.Con base en los resultados se hace una serie de recomendaciones de las medidas urgentes que deben realizarse a nivel territorial con la finalidad de mitigar el potencial impacto del COVID-19 en la sociedad mexicana.
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