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compared with E macusaniensis. The villi in E ivitaensisinfected areas were necrotic, with the lamina propria severely infiltrated by mononuclear cells and neutrophils. There was increased mitosis of epithelial cells.E macusaniensis and E ivitaensis macrogamonts were located in the cytoplasm, between the nucleus and the basal membrane of epithelial cells of the caecal and colonic crypts. They were ovoid in shape and located within a parasitophorous vacuole bounded by one membrane. The immature macrogamonts were morphologically indistinct for both Eimeria species, with 4 to 5 µm thick capsules, abundant cytoplasm, large, basophilic nuclei and average sizes of 30·9 x 28·6 µm, with a range (sd) of 16·5 to 38 (5·28) x 15 to 40 (5·25) µm in 10 specimens. The morphology of the developing macrogamonts of E macusaniensis and E ivitaensis changed according to their degree of maturation and the observation of many inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm that differed in size and number (Figs 2a, b). Mature macrogamonts of E ivitaensis (Fig 2c) had 12 to 22 lightly basophilic inclusion bodies, which were ovoid and had a diameter of approximately 2 to 3·5 µm. Mature macrogamonts of E macusaniensis (Fig 2d) had six to seven eosinophilic inclusion bodies, which were ovoid and approximately 13 to 18 µm in diameter.The microgamonts of both coccidian species were morphologically similar. They were localised mainly in the base and neck of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Immature oocysts of E macusaniensis were localised mainly in the top of the crypts and in some cases in the bottom (Fig 1), with piriform shapes and sizes similar to those described by Guerrero (1967). Immature oocysts of E ivitaensis were also localised mainly in the top of the crypts, but had ellipsoidal forms, 3 to 5 µm thick capsules with three membranes, and an average size of 56·9 x 45·6 µm (range [sd] 45 to 75 [9·89] x 39 to 55 [5·5] µm) in 10 specimens.Coccidiosis in alpacas is subclinical, or appears as soft to bloody diarrhoea and acute death (Rojas 1990, Ameghino andDeMartini 1991). Co-infection with multiple species of Eimeria is common in alpacas, with E macusaniensis and E lamae considered to be the most pathogenic (Guerrero and others 1970). Although E ivitaensis has only relatively recently been described (Leguia and Casas 1998), evidence for E macusaniensis and E ivitaensis co-infection was found in the guts of mummified llamas from a 2700-year-old culture called Chiribaya in Peru, suggesting the simultaneous presence of these two species in the past (Martinson and others 2003). Veterinary Record (2006) 158, 344-345 FIG 1: Enteritis associated with massive infiltration of macrogamonts and immature oocysts of Eimeria macusaniensis and Eimeria ivitaensis in the crypts of Lieberkühn. Haematoxylin and eosin. x 100. Inset: Higher magnification showing E macusaniensis (arrow) and E ivitaensis (arrowhead). Haematoxylin and eosin. x 200 Eimeria macusaniensis and Eimeria ivitaensis co-infection in fatal cases of diarrhoea in young alpacas (Lama pacos) in PeruPARASITI...

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EITB antibody banding patterns correlate with brain imaging findings and complement imaging information for the diagnosis of NCC and for staging NCC patients.

CysC changes are differentially present in the parkinsonian and cerebellar forms of MSA and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative condition.