No abstract

CLINICAL AT food antigens. Duodenal tissues from patients with responses to food components during CLE had immediate increases in expression of claudin-2 and decreases in occludin. CLE þ patients also had increased eosinophil degranulation, indicating an atypical food allergy characterized by eosinophil activation.

Estradiol enhances plasticity and survival of the injured brain. Our previous work demonstrates that physiological levels of estradiol protect against cerebral ischemia in the young and aging brain through actions involving estrogen receptors (ERs) and alterations in gene expression. The major goal of this study was to establish mechanisms of neuroprotective actions induced by low levels of estradiol. We first examined effects of estradiol on the time-dependent evolution of ischemic brain injury. Because estradiol is known to influence apoptosis, we hypothesized that it acts to decrease the delayed phase of cell death observed after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Furthermore, because ERs are pivotal to neuroprotection, we examined the temporal expression profiles of both ER subtypes, ERalpha and ERbeta, after MCAO and delineated potential roles for each receptor in estradiol-mediated neuroprotection. We quantified cell death in brains at various times after MCAO and analyzed ER expression by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. We found that during the first 24 h, the mechanisms of estradiol-induced neuroprotection after MCAO are limited to attenuation of delayed cell death and do not influence immediate cell death. Furthermore, we discovered that ERs exhibit distinctly divergent profiles of expression over the evolution of injury, with ERalpha induction occurring early and ERbeta modulation occurring later. Finally, we provide evidence for a new and functional role for ERalpha in estradiol-mediated protection of the injured brain. These findings indicate that physiological levels of estradiol protect against delayed cell death after stroke-like injury through mechanisms requiring ERalpha.