MPA Cpredose and MPA AUC are significantly related to the incidence of biopsy-proven rejection after kidney transplantation, whereas MMF dose is significantly related to the occurrence of adverse events.

This CNI avoidance study in immunologic low-risk patients, while only partially successful in preventing acute rejection, provided benefits to a sizable minority of patients who have not required chronic CNI therapy. However, wide acceptance of a CNI-sparing immunosuppression regimen may require a lower rate of acute rejection, possibly through the addition of a non-nephrotoxic dose of CNI. However, because complete IL-2Ralpha blockade was present during rejection, it can be assumed that alternative pathways, such as IL-15, may be responsible for the rejection; thus, the incorporation of non-nephrotoxic immunosuppressive agents, such as sirolimus, may provide a more strategic approach.

Background: The use of gene expression in venous blood either as a pharmacodynamic marker in clinical trials of drugs or as a diagnostic test requires knowledge of the variability in expression over time in healthy volunteers. Here we defined a normal range of gene expression over 6 months in the blood of four cohorts of healthy men and women who were stratified by age (22-55 years and > 55 years) and gender.

The combination of danoprevir/r plus P/R is efficacious in treatment-naïve patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 infection.