Background:Since bacterial strains developed resistance against commonly used antibiotics and side effects became more serious, other alternatives have been postulated. There is an answer for this issue in ancient medicine. Many plants have been proved to provide antibacterial effect. In this study, Boswellia serrata (BS) and Nigella sativa (NS) were assessed to evaluate the antibacterial effect on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) known as main pathogen of aggressive periodontitis.Materials and Methods:Broth microdilution method was used to obtain minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude extract of BS and NS. Furthermore, the logarithm of colony forming units grown in fresh brain heart infusion bacterial culture was assessed. Three groups including BS+ (containing only BS), NS+ (containing only NS), and BS-NS− (control group) were defined. For each group, the experiment was repeated 12 times.Results:MIC of BS and NS were 512 μg/mL and 128 μg/mL, respectively. No growth was observed in our negative control group. The mean ± standard deviation of logarithm of CFU/mL for BS, NS, and control group was 4.32 ± 0.36, 3.61 ± 0.3, and 5.57 ± 0.19, respectively. ANOVA test revealed significant difference (P values < 0.0001) of these groups which was later confirmed using the post hoc test of Tukey's honest significant difference (all P < 0.0001).Conclusions:Both BS and NS are effective against A.a which should be taken into account as appropriate ingredient for oral hygiene products.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effects of CO2 and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) lasers with and without fluoride varnish on demineralization around composite restorations. Methods: This in vitro experimental study evaluated 96 extracted human premolars. After preparation and restoration of class V cavities in the buccal surface of the teeth with composite resin, they were randomly divided into 8 groups of control, CO2 laser (L1), CO2 laser-NaF (L1F), NaF-CO2 laser (FL1), Er:YAG laser (L2), Er:YAG laser-NaF (L2F), NaF-Er:YAG laser (FL2) and NaF (F). The entire surface of the teeth, except for the restored cavity in the buccal surface and 1 mm around the margin, was coated with two layers of nail varnish. The teeth then underwent pH cycling for 10 days (3 hours in demineralizing solution and 21 hours in remineralizing solution) to artificially induce demineralization. The amount of calcium and phosphorous released into the cariogenic solution was quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. The Vickers hardness tester was used to measure the hardness of the tooth structure adjacent to composite restoration. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: The four groups of L1F, FL1, FL2 and L2F showed minimum loss of calcium and phosphorous ions, and the mean hardness of FL1 and FL2 groups was higher than that of other groups. Conclusion:The CO2 and Er:YAG lasers alone have no significant effect on the resistance of tooth structure to cariogenic solution. However, they can exert a synergistic effect when used along with NaF varnish. Fluoride varnish applied prior to laser irradiation confers further resistance to the tooth structure and positively affects its hardness.

Objectives: Occurrence insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or Type 1 DM is growing worldwide. Checking serum glucose is necessary for management of DM. Serum glucose assessment involves needle puncture or venipuncture. The aim of this study was to assess the salivary glucose level in monitoring glycaemia in children with IDDM. Methods: Serum as well as stimulated and unstimulated saliva were collected from 34 IDDM and 34 non-diabetic subjects. Serum and saliva glucose levels were measured by GOD-POP. For the statistical analysis of student's t-test, Pearson correlation test and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used. Results: Stimulated and unstimulated salivary levels of glucose were significantly higher in children with IDDM compared to control subjects. Serum glucose concentration correlates with stimulated (r = 0.407; P = 0.005), but not with unstimulated salivary concentration of glucose (r = 0.189; P = 0.145). Serum HbA1c correlates with unstimulated (r = 0.404; P = 0.001), but not with stimulated salivary concentration of HbA1c (r = 0.0.95; P = 0.526). The cut-off value of stimulated and unstimulated salivary glucose for the diagnosis of IDDM were 2.15 mg/dL and 1.05 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusions: It seems that saliva glucose is higher in Type 1 diabetic mellitus subjects and checking of glucose in saliva may be applied as an index of DM.

Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that some dyes used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) have a low pH and may cause root demineralization and remove the smear layer. This study aimed to assess and compare the effects of root biomodification with citric acid and PDT on the adhesion and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 75 single-rooted teeth extracted due to periodontal disease were assigned to the following treatment groups: (I) Scaling and root planing (SRP) alone; (II) SRP + citric acid (pH=1, 60 s); (III) PDT with toluidine blue (TB; 635 nm laser,150 mW for 30 s); (IV) PDT with methylene blue (MB; 660 nm laser, 150 mW for 30 s) and (V) PDT with indocyanine green (ICG; 810 nm laser, 150 mW for 30 s). Fibroblasts were then cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium along with the treated root pieces. Adhesion and proliferation of fibroblasts were quantified using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 by repeated measures ANOVA. Pairwise comparisons were performed by the LSD test. Results: Adhesion and proliferation of HGFs significantly increased in all groups from 24 to 72 hours (P=0.0001). There was no significant difference in this respect among the groups at the three time points (P=0.143). Conclusion: PDT did not have any adverse effect on the adhesion and proliferation of HGFs on dentin, which confirms the safety of this treatment modality.

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