Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in cervical cancer, tonsillar cancer, and certain types of head and neck cancers. We report on a DNA microarray-based method for the simultaneous detection and typing of HPVs. The genotype spectrum discriminated by this HPV DNA microarray includes 15 high-risk HPV genotypes and 12 low-risk HPV genotypes. The HPV DNA microarray showed high degrees of specificity and reproducibility. We evaluated the performance of the HPV DNA microarray by application to three HPVpositive cell lines (HeLa, Caski, and SiHa cells) and two HPV-negative cell lines (C33A and A549 cells). The HPV DNA microarray successfully identified the known types of HPV present in the cell lines. The detection limit of the HPV DNA microarray was at least 100-fold higher than that of PCR. To assess the clinical applicability of the HPV DNA microarray, we performed the HPV genotyping assay with 73 nonmalignant and malignant samples from 39 tonsillar cancer patients. Twenty-five of the 39 (64.1%) malignant samples were positive for HPV, whereas 3 of 34 (8.8%) nonmalignant samples were positive for HPV. This result shows a preferential association of HPV with tonsillar carcinomas. The correlations of the presence of HPV with the grade of differentiation and risk factors were not significant. Our data show that the HPV DNA microarray may be useful for the diagnosis and typing of HPV in large-scale epidemiological studies.Epidemiological and molecular studies have demonstrated that high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) not only are etiologically related to the development of most cases of uterine cervical carcinoma (2,8,14,16) but also are associated with certain types of carcinomas in the head and neck (7, 11). Until now, more than 100 different HPV genotypes have been identified on the basis of the DNA sequence of the L1, E6, and upstream regulatory regions (3,17,29). The mucosal HPV genotypes are generally classified into low-risk and high-risk groups on the basis of their association with malignant lesions and phylogenetic relationships (13,15,29). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated in tonsillar carcinoma that HPV types 16 and 33 express the E6 and E7 oncogenes and that transcription is localized in the cancer cells and does not occur in the surrounding stroma (24, 28). Because HPV genotyping information is clinically useful for prognosis and therapy based on the risk type, it is important that the HPV genotype be identified by as sensitive and as specific a method as possible.At present, eight main strategies are used to detect and type various HPVs. All of these strategies have advantages and disadvantages, depending on their application (5, 10, 26). Several consensus PCR systems have been conveniently used in several large-scale epidemiological studies (9, 10, 19). However, consensus PCR products do not provide practical information for genotyping (26). Meanwhile, because it is difficult to design compatible multiple primer sets for genotype-specific PCR, the maximum number of HPVs detectable in...

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ObjectiveAlthough the detection of crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) by means of different imaging modalities is well described, little is known about its diagnosis by computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging. We investigated the detection rate of CCD by CTP imaging and the factors related to CCD on CTP images in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Materials and MethodsCT perfusion maps of cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), and time-to-peak (TTP) obtained from 81 consecutive patients affected by an acute ischemic stroke were retrospectively reviewed. Whole-brain perfusion maps were obtained with a multichannel CT scanner using the toggling-table technique. The criteria for CCD was a unilateral supratentorial ischemic lesion and an accompanying decrease in perfusion of the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere on the basis of CTP maps by visual inspection without a set threshold. Maps were quantitatively analyzed in CCD positive cases.ResultsThe criteria for CCD were fulfilled in 25 of the 81 cases (31%). Detection rates per CTP map were as follows: MTT (31%) > TTP (21%) > CBF (9%) > CBV (6%). Supratentorial ischemic volume, degree of perfusion reduction, and infratentorial asymmetry index correlated strongly (R, 0.555-0.870) and significantly (p < 0.05) with each other in CCD-positive cases.ConclusionIt is possible to detect CCD on all four of the CTP-based maps. Of these maps, MTT is most sensitive in detecting CCD. Our data indicate that CTP imaging is a valid tool for the diagnosis of CCD in patients affected by an acute hemispheric stroke.

This was the first study to investigate the accuracy of PCT with the toggling table technique in detection of infratentorial stroke lesions. Clinically, PCT is highly reliable and accurate in detecting infratentorial stroke lesions.