Carvacrol has a high therapeutic potential, with in vitro studies showing promising results in different cellular models using a variety of methodological designs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to analyze the pharmacological effects of carvacrol in in vitro studies. A comprehensive search of the literature was made using four databases: Science Direct, Scopus, MEDLINE-PubMed, and Web of Science using different combinations of the following keywords: carvacrol, drug therapy, therapeutic uses, in vitro study. The search of the databases was for studies conducted in the period up to and including September 2016. A total of 3,269 studies were initially identified, with only 31 meeting the inclusion criteria. The included studies contained a variety of in vitro models able to determine the properties of Carvacrol. The following properties of Carvacrol were identified: antimicrobial (7 studies), bactericidal (4), bactericidal and antifungal (1), antiinflammatory (4), anticancer (4), mutagenic (4), antioxidant (3), antifungal (3), antidepressant (1), as a modulator of nerve impulses (1) and an immunological modulator (1). The In vitro studies with Carvacrol included in this review showed a diversity of models and confirmed the therapeutic potential of this product in relation to several diseases.

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Introduction: The pulmonary inflammatory response results from exposure to injurious factors and is associated with oxidative stress, which intensifies the pathological reaction. In this context, limonene, a monoterpene found in citrus fruits, can be a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of this pathology, as it presents known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory activity of limonene and its capacity to prevent and control respiratory system injuries. Search strategy: A comprehensive literature search of the Cochrane, Scopus, MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases was performed using the keywords: "limonene", “lung”, “pulmonary”, “airway”, “trachea”, “lung injury”, "respiratory system", “respiratory tract diseases”. Search strategy: A comprehensive literature search of the Cochrane, Scopus, MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases was performed using the keywords: "limonene", “lung”, “pulmonary”, “airway”, “trachea”, “lung injury”, "respiratory system", “respiratory tract diseases”. Selection criteria: Studies on the use of limonene in disorders of the respiratory system, published until August 2019, were included. Those that did not use limonene alone or treated lesions in different systems other than the respiratory system, without targeting its anti-inflammatory action were excluded. In addition, review articles, meta-analyses, abstracts, conference papers, editorials/letters and case reports were also excluded. Results: Of the 561 articles found, 64 were in the Cochrane database, 235 in Scopus, 99 in Web of science, 150 in PubMed and 13 in Lilacs. After completing the systematic steps, 25 articles were selected for full reading, after which 7 papers remained in the review. An article was added after a manual literature search, resulting in a total of 8 papers. There was a high level of agreement on inclusion/exclusion among the researchers who examined the papers (Kappa index > 88%). Conclusion: Limonene has effective anti-inflammatory activity in both preventing and controlling respiratory system injuries.

Venous ulcers are a more severe complication of chronic venous insufficiency, significantly compromising patient quality of life (QoL). Compressive stockings are still the gold standard treatment method with alternative therapies currently being evaluated. In this perspective, we investigate the influence of compressive stockings impregnated with hesperetin-based nanocapsules in the healing process of venous ulcers. Compressive stockings impregnated with hesperetin-based nanocapsules were applied to a consenting patient for 6 months following all relevant ethical principles for patient studies. The patient was evaluated at baseline (T0), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T6), using photographic register (healing) probes to measure skin melanin, erythema and hydration parameters, and venous diameters, followed by questionnaires regarding QoL and pain perception. Healing was observed at the 3-month time point and with 91.6% and 93.1% of retraction area in larger ulcers of the right leg and lateral portion of the left leg, respectively. The deepest ulcer in a medial portion of the left leg healed 47.3%. A reduction of all measured skin parameters was observed, indicating a possible hesperetin effect. The scores of QoL and pain were, respectively, in the ranges of 91.6 to 31.2 and 7 to 0. Reduction in venous diameters also indicates healing function. These preliminary findings suggest that compressive stockings impregnated with hesperetin nanocapsules enhance venous ulcer healing. Further clinical trial controlled by placebo, involving a greater number of patients, is required to confirm the findings of this case report.

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