Introduction:Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a significant health problem and imposes great physical, financial and psychological burden among the affected population. Among people with diabetes, fatigue is a pervasive and distressing complaint, which is further accentuated by presence of depression.Objective:To assess the prevalence of fatigue and depression and associated clinical and socio demographic correlates in type 2diabetes.Materials and Methods:This cross sectional study included 100 patients of diabetes type 2 and equal number of healthy controls between the ages of 18 to 70 years. A detailed evaluation of socio demographic and clinical parameters was made. Participants were also assessed for presence of depression and fatigue using PHQ-9 and Fatigue Severity Scale(FSS)respectively.Results:Fatigue and depression was found in 68 % and 53 % of diabetic participants. Diabetic patients were 10.37 times and 4.80 times more likely to suffer from fatigue and depression respectively. Both fatigue and depression were found to be significantly associated with duration of illness, fasting and post prandial blood glucose level, diabetic complications and Body Mass Index (BMI). Fatigue was also strongly correlated with depression in study sample.Conclusions:Fatigue and depression are reasonably correlated with type 2 diabetes. Various clinical parameters of diabetes are strongly associated with both fatigue and depression. Fatigue itself has significant correlation with depression in type 2 diabetes. Regular monitoring of biochemical parameters are paramount to predict the development of fatigue and depression in type 2 diabetes.

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Aim:The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and susceptibility to antibacterial agents of anaerobic strains in 118 patients with head and neck abscesses (31) and cellulitis (87). Materials and methods:In total, 118 pus specimens from 118 consecutive patients with abscesses (31 cases) and cellulitis (87) of the head and neck were evaluated from 2006 to the end of 2011. The patients were admitted to the University Hospital of Maxillofacial Surgery, Bhopal, India, and comprised 76 men and 42 women: Four children, 103 adults and 11 elderly people.Results: Anaerobic bacteria (174 strains within 18 genera) were found in 88 (74.6%) of the 118 specimens. Anaerobes only were present in 23 (19.5%) specimens, aerobic/facultative bacteria only in 20 (16.9%) and mixed aerobic/anaerobic flora in 65 (55.1%). No growth was detected in 10 (8.5%) specimens. Two or more anaerobes per specimen were found in 56 (63.6%) of the specimens yielding anaerobes. The incidence of isolation of anaerobes from patients with identified odontogenic sources of infection was 82.2% (60 of 73 cases) and that in patients with other sources of infection was 71.4% (15 of 21, p > 0.20). Conclusion:The start of empirical treatment could influence the frequency or rate of isolation of Fusobacterium species. The involvement of the Bacteroides fragilis group in some head and neck infections should be considered.

Background: Dental caries remain the main oral disease with greatest socioeconomic impact that correlates with lifestyle specifically dietary patterns and oral hygiene practices. Being a cumulative process, the numbers of individuals affected increase with age. This study aimed at determining the occurrence of dental caries among adult patients attending a public regional hospital. Materials and methods:A cross-sectional studies involving 436 adult patients who attended at Musoma Referral Hospital for dental care. Patients were systematically examined for dental caries, which were scored as per WHO criteria.Results: Among 436 patients 256 (58.7%) were female, with male to female ratio of 1: 1.42. The mean age was 36.9 ± 15.61 years with range of 18 to 91 years. One or more carious tooth was observed in 87.8%, the 18 to 29 years was the age group most affected. The mean decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) was 4.67 ± 0.19 whereby the D (decayed) component had the highest proportion 3.01 ± 0.12, and F (filled) component the lowest 0.1 ± 0.03. On average the M (missing) teeth was 1.57 ± 0.12. When compared within the gender the mean D component was significantly higher among female (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The caries observed occur more in females and in younger age group. The observed DMFT is much higher than population average since this is a cohort of patients seeking care. There is high D component and very low F component of DMFT mainly due to lack, and to some extent low utilization of restorative dental services.

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