HK-2 human renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) are commonly used in the in vitro study of “normal” RPTCs. We recently discovered that HK-2 cells are uncoupled from dopamine-1 receptor (D1R) adenylyl cyclase (AC) stimulation. We hypothesized that G protein coupled receptor kinase type 4 (GRK4) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be responsible for the D1R/AC uncoupling in HK-2. This hypothesis was tested by genotyping GRK4 SNPs, measuring D1-like receptor agonist (fenoldopam)stimulated cAMP accumulation, quantifying D1R inhibition of sodium transport, and testing the ability of GRK4 siRNA to reverse the D1R/AC uncoupling. We compared HK-2 to 2 normally coupled human RPTC cell lines (nRPTC) and 2 uncoupled RPTC cell lines (uRPTC). The HK-2 cell line was found to have 4 out of 6 potential GRK4 SNPs known to uncouple the D1R from AC (namely R65L, A142V, and A486V). AC response to fenoldopam stimulation was increased in the two nRPTC cell lines (FEN 2.02±0.05-fold and 2.33±0.19-fold over control, P<0.001, N=4), but not in the two uncoupled or HK-2 cell lines. GRK4 siRNA rescued the fenoldopam-mediated AC stimulation in the uncoupled cells, including HK-2. The expected fenoldopam -mediated inhibition of sodium hydrogen exchanger type 3 was absent in HK-2 (N=6) and uRPTCs (N=6), but was observed in the two nRPTCs (−25.41±4.7% and −27.36±2.70% (P<0.001, N=6)), which express wild-type GRK4. Despite the fact that HK-2 cells retain many functional characteristics of RPTCs, they are not normal from the perspective of dopaminergic function.
Chronic lateral ankle instability often causes adults to require a surgical intervention with subsequent physical therapy to assist with returning to their prior level of function. This systematic review is hoping to provide an up to date understanding of surgical procedures performed to correct chronic lateral ankle instability and establish a protocol for others to follow when treating adults who are status-post chronic lateral ankle instability surgery. This review looked at level I to III research studies that included surgical interventions to correct chronic lateral ankle instability as well as a rehabilitation protocol. This study found implementation of a rehabilitation protocol after surgical intervention could improve balance and subjective functional outcomes. It also determined that early weight-bearing may allow for early strengthening as range of motion returns faster. Further research is required utilizing larger randomized studies to better evaluate the outcomes of specific rehabilitation protocols in this patient population.
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