Distributions of Earth's species are changing at accelerating rates, increasingly driven by human-mediated climate change. Such changes are already altering the composition of ecological communities, but beyond conservation of natural systems, how and why does this matter? We review evidence that climate-driven species redistribution at regional to global scales affects ecosystem functioning, human well-being, and the dynamics of climate change itself. Production of natural resources required for food security, patterns of disease transmission, and processes of carbon sequestration are all altered by changes in species distribution. Consideration of these effects of biodiversity redistribution is critical yet lacking in most mitigation and adaptation strategies, including the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals.

Inorganic nanotubes/wires, especially oxide nanotubes in recent years, represent a rapidly growing area of materials chemistry.[1] Amongst the oxide nanotubes there is much interest in TiO 2 because of its wealth of important photovoltaic (solar energy conversion), photocatalytic, semiconducting, catalyticsupport, and gas-sensing properties. In addition, interest in this material as a low-voltage intercalation host for lithium, and hence as an anode for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries or supercapacitors, exists.[2] The dimensional confinement imposed by the nanotube morphology can have an important effect on the properties mentioned above. Despite early reports of TiO 2 nanotube formation, later work showed that these materials were, in fact, layered sodium hydrogen titanates, Na y H 2 ± y Ti n O 2n + 1´x H 2 O. [3,4] We recently prepared the first examples of TiO 2 nanowires, based on the TiO 2 -B polymorph. [5] This polymorph has a lower density than rutile, anatase or brookite, making it an ideal host for Li + intercalation and hence the controlled introduction of Li + and electrons into TiO 2 nanowires. [6,7] Here we report on Li + intercalation into gen titanate which, on heating at 500 C, transformed to TiO 2 -B, a = 12.1787 , b = 3.7412 , c = 6.5249 , and b = 107.054. [6,7] The structure of TiO 2 -B is composed of corrugated sheets of edge-and corner-sharing TiO 2 octahedra, with these sheets being linked together by bridging oxygen atoms to form a threedimensional network. [7] The structure is more open than rutile, anatase or brookite, with significant voids and continuous channels that are capable of rendering the material an excellent host structure for intercalation.[7a]TiO 2 -B nanowires can be synthesized with a high yield and in relatively large quantities by a simple hydrothermal reaction between sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and TiO 2 anatase, as described previously (see Experimental section).[5] Composite electrodes containing TiO 2 -B were fabricated and incorporated into two-or three-electrode lithium cells (see Experimental section for details). Lithium ions were intercalated into the TiO 2 -B structure and then subsequently removed at a low rate of 10 mA g ±1 ; the results have been reported previously.[5] For comparison, bulk TiO 2 -B was also prepared, incorporated into identical composite electrodes, and cycled under identical conditions to those of the nanowires. In both cases the potential associated with the intercalation/deintercalation reaction was~1.6 V versus Li/Li + (1 M). This is a typical value for the Ti 4+/3+ redox couple in an octahedral oxygen environment. Furthermore, the similarity of the potentials between the nanowires and the bulk material indicates that the degree of dimensional confinement associated with the nanowires was not sufficient to affect significantly the energetics of the Li + or the electronic structure. ). Further inspection of the load curves [5] reveals that, whereas three plateaux may be distinguished in the charge/discharge curves for the bulk mat...

Biodiversity assessments use a variety of data and models. We propose best-practice standards for studies in these assessments.