ObjectiveClinicians often face the challenge of providing effective and safe therapy for pregnant women with uveitis. Certolizumab pegol (CZP) differs from other anti-TNFα agents due to its limited placental transfer. In this study we assessed the efficacy of CZP in pregnant women with uveitis. We also provided information on outcomes of pregnant women and neonates exposed to CZP. MethodsWe carried out a multicentre study of women with uveitis who received CZP during pregnancy and their neonates.The main visual outcomes were visual acuity (VA), intraocular inflammation and corticosteroid-sparing effect. Pregnancy outcomes, maternal and neonatal infections and congenital malformations were also assessed. ResultsWe studied 14 women (23 affected eyes); mean age of 34.3±5.5 years. The underlying diseases were spondyloarthritis (n=7), idiopathic (n=2), and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, punctate inner choroidopathy and Behçet's disease (1 each). The patterns of ocular involvement were anterior (n=10), posterior (n=2), intermediate (n=1), panuveitis (n=1). Cystoid macular oedema was present in one patient (1 eye). Uveitis was bilateral in nine cases and chronic in seven patients. CZP was started before getting pregnant in ten patients and after conceiving in four. All patients achieved or maintained ocular remission throughout pregnancy. Fifteen healthy infants were born. Only one woman presented a mild infection during pregnancy. Neither infections nor malformations were observed in neonates after a follow-up of 6 months. Six infants were breastfed and all of them received scheduled vaccinations without complications. ConclusionCertolizumab pegol is effective and safe in women with uveitis during pregnancy.

Objective. Anti-IL6R tocilizumab (TCZ) therapy has proved to be useful in the treatment of refractory ocular and/or neurological involvement of Behçet's disease (BD). However, TCZ efficacy in other BD manifestations remains unclear. In this study we aimed to assess the efficacy of TCZ in the different clinical phenotypes of BD. Methods. This is a multicentre study of BD patients treated with TCZ, due to refractivity to standard systemic treatment. Results. We studied 16 patients (10 men/6 women); mean age 36.5±18.2 years. The main clinical manifestations at TCZ onset were ocular, oral and/or genital ulcers, arthritis, folliculitis and/or neurological involvement. Before TCZ, they had received several conventional and/or biological immunosuppressants, such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, adalimumab or infliximab. TCZ was used in monotherapy or combined with conventional immunosuppressive drugs. The main indications for TCZ prescription were refractory uveitis (n=14) and refractory neurobehçet (n=2). After a median [IQR] follow-up of 20 [9-45] months using TCZ, neurological and ocular domains improved in most cases with complete remission in most patients with uveitis. Articular and peripheral venous manifestations also experienced a favourable evolution. However, oral/genital ulcers, skin lesions and intestinal manifestations followed a torpid course. Conclusion. TCZ is effective in BD with major clinical involvement. However, it does not seem to be effective in oral/genital ulcers or skin lesions.

In hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy, early detection of asymptomatic retinal changes and the interruption of the drug are essential to prevent permanent vision loss. Our purpose was to investigate the roles of ganglion cell layer (GCL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thicknesses measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the early diagnosis of retinopathy. One hundred and fourteen eyes of 76 individuals with HCQ treatment were enrolled in the study (42 eyes with impaired visual field (VF) and 72 eyes with nondamaged VF). We found that ONL was significantly decreased in the HCQ retinopathy group compared with the control group in the nasal macula (p = 0.032) as well as in four sectors (p < 0.044), whereas no significant differences were found comparing GCL in both groups. If VF were altered superiorly or temporarily, ONL was significantly thinned inferiorly (p = 0.029) and nasally (p = 0.008), respectively. Duration of HCQ treatment was significantly related with ONL in seven sectors of ONL (p < 0.047). We suggest that ONL measured with OCT might be used to assess early HCQ retinal toxicity.