No abstract

Objectives:To show trends in paragliding injuries and derive recommendations for safety precautions for paraglider pilots on the basis of accident statistics, interviews, questionnaires, medical reports, and current stage of development of paragliding equipment.Methods:All paragliding accidents in Germany have to be reported. Information on 409 accidents was collected and analysed for the period 1997–1999.Results:There was a substantial decrease in reported accidents (166 in 1997; 127 in 1998; 116 in 1999). The number of accidents resulting in spinal injuries was 62 in 1997, 42 in 1998, and 38 in 1999. The most common cause of accident was deflation of the glider (32.5%), followed by oversteering (13.9%), collision with obstacles (12.0%), take off errors (10.3%), landing errors (13.7%), misjudgment of weather conditions (4.9%), unsatisfactory preflight checks (4.9%), mid-air collisions with other flyers (2.2%), accidents during winching (2.2%), and defective equipment (0.5%). Accidents predominantly occurred in mountain areas. Fewer than 100 flights had been logged for 40% of injured pilots. In a total of 39 accidents in which emergency parachutes were used, 10 pilots were seriously injured (26%) and an additional three were killed (8%).Conclusions:Injuries in paragliding caused by unpredictable situations can be minimised by (a) using safer gliders in the beginner or intermediate category, (b) improving protection systems, such as padded back protection, and (c) improving pilot skills through performance and safety training.

No abstract

For the treatment of full-thickness articular cartilage lesions of the knee joint, as a result of trauma or osteochondritis dissecans, a variety of biological reconstruction techniques have been developed. Different studies, some of which were performed as randomised, prospective clinical studies, showed that the autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) provides the most satisfying and reliable method of cartilage reconstruction in the adult when applied to defects exceeding 4 cm (2). Based on these results, ACT seems to be of economic benefit, as the risk of developing osteoarthritis correlates significantly with the size of the cartilage defect, when not treated properly and in time. Surveying the studies on basic scientific aspects of ACT, cartilage defect animal models and clinical studies, it can be concluded that clinical results of ACT depend on a variety of factors. In this review, published by the joined advisory board of the German Societies of Traumatology (DGU) and Orthopaedic Surgery (DGOOC), we summarize the current knowledge available and the state of the art concerning ACT. Especially we discuss the advantages of different procedures, methods for treating knee cartilage defects and factors that influence the outcome of the different treatment regimens, with the aim to develop guidelines for the correct indication and application of the ACT.