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Методы исследования и диагностики Methods of investigation and diagnostics 39

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Prospects for the use of mammographic detection of breast arterial calcification (BAC) to improve the stratification of cardiovascular risk in the female population are of increasing interest. The purpose of the 2 part of the review is the analysis of modern literature on the relationship of the BAC with the prevalence and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The presence of BAC on mammograms is associated with a higher likelihood of myocardial infarction, death from coronary heart disease (CHD) and CVD, as well as a 3.5-fold increase in the risk of CHD and a 5-year coronary incident (p=0.003). Women with BAC have a higher likelihood of coronary artery disease detected during angiography than women without BAC (p<0.001). Severe BAC has a stronger association with CVD than mild calcification. The association of BAC with cerebrovascular diseases and a 1.4-fold increase in the risk of ischemic stroke (p=0.004), atheromatosis of the carotid arteries and an increase in the thickness of the intima-media complex is shown. BAC is associated with atherosclerotic lesions of peripheral arteries and a decrease in the ankle-brachial index <0.9 (p=0.048). In women with chronic kidney disease, the presence of BAC indicates a 4.5-fold increase in the risk of complications associated with impaired blood flow in peripheral arteries. It is shown that the addition of BAC to the generally accepted (standard) vascular risk assessment algorithms Framingham Risk Score and Pooled Cohort Equation significantly increases the accuracy of prediction of CHD (p=0.02 and p=0.010, respectively). The detection of BAC on mammographic screening is a new promising direction for cardiovascular prophylaxis in women and opens up new opportunities for identifying groups of people with subclinical forms of CVD and high cardiovascular risk.

Background:The aim of our study was to determine potential opportunities for routine radiological examinations (dental panoramic radiography (DPR), cervical spine radiography (CSR), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and multislice computed tomography (MSCT)) in the identification of carotid artery calcifications (CAC) as radiological signs of asymptomatic carotid artery disease (ACAD).Methods and Results: The retrospectively evaluated results of the digital DPR were used for 4367 patients, CSR -857 patients, CBCT -582 patients, and MSCT -377 patients. Mean age of patients was more than 55 years. The overall detectability of CAC during DPR, CSR, CBCT, and MSCT was 8.3%, 15.9%, 13.1%, and 40.6%, respectively. The gender difference in favor of women was observed during DPR, CBCT and MSCT and in favor of men -only during CSR. CAC should be sought at the level of C3-C4 intravertebral discs in the cervical soft tissues, more often on the one side, in the form of solitary/multiple, friable, homogenous/heterogeneous radiopaque shadows smaller than 0.5 cm. Conclusion:CAC indicates the presence of a high risk of developing ischemic stroke, which means that the above modalities have to be used as a tool to identify the predictor of this pathological condition of the cardiovascular system. (International