Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to research and draw conclusions about the effect of a parenteral nutrition (PN) fat emulsion, rich in o-3 fatty acids, on the antioxidant markers of preterm infants, when compared with a standard fat emulsion. This was a double-blind, parallel-group study conducted in Athens, Greece, using an equal randomization method. Subjects/Methods: Thirty-eight infants were selected using a double-blind method and a computer-generated randomization list. Both groups received PN, based on the same protocols. Group A received SMOFlipid fat emulsion, while group B received the standard fat emulsion (Intralipid). Serum levels of vitamin A, E and total antioxidant potential (TAP) were measured on days 0, 7 and 14 of PN support. Clinical and biochemical data were collected on days 0, 14 and on the day of discharge. Results: Serum levels of vitamin E and A were significantly increased in group A, while only vitamin A serum level was increased in group B on the fourteenth day (group A: vitamin E: P-value ¼ 0.002, vitamin A: P-value ¼ 0.000, group B: vitamin E: P-value ¼ 0.065, vitamin A: P-value ¼ 0.000). TAP was increased only in the intervention group (group A: P-value ¼ 0.000, group B: P-value ¼ 0.287). Mild anemia was developed in both groups, while no differences were detected in the infection rate, days of hospitalization, days of ventilator support and days of phototherapy. Conclusions: Oxidative stress was significantly reduced in those neonates fed with o-3 fatty acids, whereas no effect was observed in the neonates fed with standard lipids. Intervention had no effect on infants' growth and clinical outcome.

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s231 produced a statistically significant reduction over placebo in rTNSS (standardized mean difference [SMD]-0.390; 95% CI-0.476 to-0.303, p< 0.001) in both the short (less than 6 weeks) and long term (52 weeks or more). A greater improvement was also established in iTNSS (-0.360,-0.484 to-0.236, p< 0.001), rTOSS (-0.163,-0.293 to-0.033, p= 0.014), iTOSS (-0.165,-0.295 to-0.035, p= 0.013) and QoL (-0.322,-0.452 to-0.191, p< 0.001) in the short term. All effect sizes were greater than-0.5, indicating small changes according to Cohen's guidelines. The incidence of most adverse events with FFNS was similar to that with placebo, with the exception of epistaxis, which was more frequent with FFNS in both the short (FFNS 7%, placebo 4%, p= 0.004) and long term (FFNS 25%, placebo 13%, p< 0.001). ConClusions: FFNS in adults and adolescents with PAR resulted in statistically significant but not clinically relevant improvements in symptoms and QoL compared with placebo.

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