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Background and Purpose-Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a strong predictor of cerebrovascular disease, yet few studies have assessed the incidence of stroke and the role of other risk factors in unselected type 2 diabetes mellitus populations. Methods-We prospectively followed-up 14 432 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, aged 40 to 97 years, with and without a history of cardiovascular disease at enrollment, and we estimated the incidence of stroke and the hazards ratios with respect to clinical variables. Results-During a 4-year follow-up, 296 incident stroke events were recorded. In persons with no history of cardiovascular disease, the age-standardized incidence of stroke (per 1000 person-years) was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 4.2 to 6.8) in men and 6.3 (95% confidence interval, 4.5 to 8.2) in women. In persons with a history of cardiovascular disease, it was 13.7 (95% confidence interval, 7.5 to 19.8) in men and 10.8 (95% confidence interval, 7.3 to 14.4) in women. The hazards ratios of stroke incidence varied according to age, sex, and history of cardiovascular disease. Among men with no history, HbA1c and smoking were predictors of stroke. Among patients with a history, the risk factors were, in men, therapy with insulin plus oral agents, treated high total cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, whereas in women microvascular complications were a risk factor. Previous stroke was a strong predictor of stroke in both sexes. Conclusions-Age and previous stroke are the main predictors of stroke in diabetes. The combined role of Hba1c, microvascular complications, low HDL cholesterol, and treatment with insulin plus oral agents highlights the importance of diabetic history and clinical background in the development of stroke.

OBJECTIVE -Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity/mortality in diabetes. We set forth to determine incidence and identify predictors (including microvascular complications and treatment) of first coronary heart disease (CHD) event in CVD-free type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-A cohort of 6,032 women and 5,612 men, sampled from a nationwide network of hospital-based diabetes clinics, was followed up for 4 years. Baseline assessment included retinopathy, nephropathy, and foot ulcers. First CHD events (myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and electrocardiogram-proven angina) were analyzed for 29,069 person-years.RESULTS -The age-standardized incidence rate (per 1,000 person-years) of first CHD event (n ϭ 881) was 28.8 (95% CI 5.4 -32.2) in men and 23.3 (20.2-26.4) in women. Major CHD (myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) was less frequent in women (5.8 [4.3-7.2]) than in men (13.1 [10.9 -15.4]; a sex ratio of 0.5 [0.4 -0.6]). Incidence rates of all outcomes were higher in patients with microvascular complications (for major CHD, age-adjusted rate ratios were 1.6 [1.2-2.21] in men and 1.5 [1.0 -2.2] in women). By multivariate Cox analysis, age and diabetes duration were risk predictors common in both sexes. In men, glycemic control and treated hypertension were additional independent risk factors, but residing in the south was associated with a significant 29% risk reduction. In women, higher triglycerides/lower HDL cholesterol and microvascular complications were independent risk factors.CONCLUSIONS -In CVD-free patients with type 2 diabetes, risk of first CHD event depends on sex, geographic location, and presence of microvascular disease. Hyperglycemia and hypertension, particularly in men, and diabetic dyslipidemia, especially in women, are risk factors amenable to more aggressive treatment. Diabetes Care 30:1241-1247, 2007D iabetes is estimated to be responsible for 5.2% of all deaths (1). Since the Framingham Study (2), epidemiology has consistently shown that diabetes confers an increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiac mortality (3-6). Salient features of this association are the following: 1) relative risk of CHD (7) and fatal CHD (8) is higher in diabetic women than in diabetic men, 2) classical and diabetes-related risk factors both contribute to total CHD risk (6), and 3) insulin treatment may be associated with a worse cardiovascular prognosis (9,10). The reasons for the excessive relative CHD risk in diabetic women compared with diabetic men are not completely understood. In the Strong Heart Study (11), the greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women was explained in part by an apparent larger negative impact of diabetes on CVD risk factors. With regard to diabetes-related risk, the World Health Organization (WHO) multinational study found that in type 2 diabetic patients, proteinuria and retinopat...

An early stage of diabetic cardiomyopathy can be evidenced by TDI in Type 2 diabetic subjects even in the presence of a normal cardiac function with CE. This abnormality is associated with insulin resistance.

Patients adding one dose of glulisine at the meal with the highest postprandial plasma glucose excursion to titrated basal glargine achieved comparable improvements in glycemic control irrespective of traditional or telecare blood glucose monitoring.