Innate immune cells may regulate adaptive immunity by balancing different lineages of T cells and providing negative costimulation. In addition, CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells have been described in tumor, parasite infection, and severe trauma models. In this study, we observe that splenic CD11b+ cells markedly increase after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) immunization, and they suppress T cell proliferation in vitro. Although >80% of CD11b+ cells express varying levels of Gr-1, only a small population of CD11b+Ly-6Chigh inflammatory monocytes (IMC) can efficiently suppress T cell proliferation and induce T cell apoptosis through the production of NO. IFN-γ produced by activated T cells is essential to induce IMC suppressive function. EAE immunization increases the frequencies of IMC in the bone marrow, spleen, and blood, but not in the lymph nodes. At the peak of EAE, IMC represent ∼30% of inflammatory cells in the CNS. IMC express F4/80 and CD93 but not CD31, suggesting that they are immature monocytes. Furthermore, IMC have the plasticity to up-regulate NO synthase 2 or arginase 1 expression upon different cytokine treatments. These findings indicate that CD11b+Ly-6Chigh IMC induced during EAE priming are powerful suppressors of activated T cells. Further understanding of suppressive monocytes in autoimmune disease models may have important clinical implications for human autoimmune diseases.

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During a 1-year period mean cognitive performance did not worsen. Automated volumetric MRI measures of total lesion volume and brain to intracranial cavity volume ratio correlated with neuropsychological performance, especially in patients with chronic progressive MS. Worsening MRI lesion burden correlated with cognitive decline.

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