CeD and latent CeD were most prevalent in northern India and were the least in southern India. The prevalence correlated with wheat intake and did not reflect differences in the genetic background.

Objective: Helicobacter pylori resistance toward commonly used antibiotics is increasing leading to the treatment failure; hence, our aim is to determine the antibiogram susceptibility pattern of H. pylori strains isolated from Guwahati, Assam (Northeast India) and also to test the efficacy of the Brassica capitata against the multi and dual drug-resistant strains of North and Northeast India.Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration of different antibiotics was determined by agar dilution method. Disc diffusion method was used to check the efficacy of B. capitata against clarithromycin (CLR), metronidazole (MTZ), and levofloxacin (LEV)-resistant H. pylori strains.Results: All the H. pylori strains were 100% sensitive to CLR, tetracycline, amoxicillin, and furazolidone. 72.8% of the strains were sensitive toward MTZ and 54.5% were sensitive toward LEV. B. capitata showed good efficacy against the resistant strains of H. pylori of North and Northeast India.Conclusion: Most of the H. pylori strains from Northeast India were sensitive toward the commonly used antibiotics for the treatment regime. B. capitata is effective against H. pylori infection, suggesting its potential as an alternative therapy, and opens the way for further studies on identification of novel antimicrobial targets of B. capitata.

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Background and Aim Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ (HLA‐DQ) genotypes play a permissive role in the genesis of celiac disease (CeD). In this case–control study, we used next‐generation sequencing to determine HLA‐DQA1 and ~DQB1 genotypes and haplotypes associated with CeD in Indian patients. Methods HLA‐DQA1 and ~DQB1 loci were amplified, using long‐range polymerase chain reaction (PCR), from DNA of 259 patients with symptomatic CeD (160 typical and 99 atypical), 45 asymptomatic CeD, 96 potential CeD, and 300 healthy adults. Amplicons were fragmented and sequenced on the Illumina platform, and alleles and haplotypes were assigned by matching against the HLA‐international ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) database. Results HLA‐DQA1*05:01 (odds ratio [OR] 8.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.64–12.47) and HLA‐DQB1*02:01 (OR 8.59, 95% CI 5.75–12.83) were the genotypes that showed a risk association with symptomatic CeD. Among the haplotypes, HLA‐DQA1*05:01 ~ HLA‐DQB1*02:01 (OR 8.56, 95% CI 5.67–13.19) showed a strong risk association with symptomatic CeD. When comparing symptomatic CeD with subclinical forms (asymptomatic and potential) CeD, HLA‐DQA1*05:01 ~ HLA‐DQB1*02:01 (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.61–3.43) was significantly associated with risk of symptomatic disease. The strength of association between the HLA‐DQA1*05:01 ~ HLA‐DQB1*02:01 haplotype and the CeD phenotype showed a gradient in the order typical > atypical > asymptomatic > potential CeD. Genotypes consistent with expression of HLA DQ2 and/or 8 were noted in 128 (80%) typical, 73 atypical (74%), 27 (60%) asymptomatic, and 52 (54%) potential CeD participants. Conclusion HLA‐DQA1*05:01 ~ HLA‐DQB1*02:01 (haplotype DQ2.5) showed a very strong risk association with symptomatic CeD in Indian patients. The strength of association showed a gradient of increase from potential to typical CeD, coinciding with a phenotypic change in the celiac iceberg.