The COVID‐19 pandemic has created a hugely detrimental impact on the psychological health of people around the world. Children are extremely vulnerable; therefore, it is of utmost importance to discuss the prevalence of the symptoms, their associated risk factors, and the strategies to identify and understand their deteriorating mental health (MH) before it leads to disastrous outcomes. Hence, parents and schools should come together in devising modes to create an environment in which children can easily tackle the lockdown periods which have become the new reality. Negative effects on MH have long‐term consequences, therefore necessary interventions must take place.

Acne vulgaris is the eighth most common disease worldwide and presents with inflammatory and noninflammatory skin lesions along with other dermal abnormalities. Oral spironolactone is used for treating acne vulgaris due to its antiandrogenic properties and inhibition of sebogenesis. Recent evidence shows that spironolactone in topical form has similar efficacy to its oral form with comparatively fewer adverse events associated with its use. However, to establish an evidence-based understanding, this systematic review aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of topical spironolactone in the treatment of acne vulgaris. PubMed, Clini calTr ials.gov, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched from the date of inception till March 18, 2022 All the clinical trials experimenting with the role of topical spironolactone in the treatment of acne were included. Articles examining the effects of oral spironolactone or other topical agents were excluded. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool (RoB 2.0, version 2019) was used to assess the risk of bias in each study. The study findings have been reported in line with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The literature search yielded 600 articles. Five clinical trials with 195 patients were included in this review. Out of the five trials, two showed a high risk of bias while three had overall some concerns. Patients treated with topical spironolactone showed a significant decrease in the number of papules (p = 0.004), closed comedones (p < 0.05), and lesions (p < 0.05). Compared to placebo, treatment with 5% spironolactone showed a significant decrease in total lesion count (p = 0.007). In addition, 2% spironolactone showed efficacy over clindamycin and reduced the number of comedones (p < 0.0001), papules (p < 0.0001), and pustules (p < 0.0001) while the acne severity index was also considerably lowered (p < 0.0001). Spironolactone was not found to affect significant skin hydration, sebum, elasticity, melanin, and redness (p > 0.05). Topical spironolactone yields better results than other first-line treatments for acne and displays fewer side effects. However, further large-scale clinical trials are required before spironolactone can be used as the preferred treatment in the clinical management of acne.

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Objective: To assess the frequency of different patterns of presentation of children presenting with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Methodology:It was a cross sectional study conducted at the department of Pediatric, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, from19-12-2017 to 19-06-2018.92 infants who met the selectin criteria were recruited for the study. Then blood sample was obtained and if serum sodium <135mEq/L, then salt depletion was labeled. Then, infants underwent genital examination for assessment of genital virilization. All data is entered is specially designed Performa and analyzed in SPSS. Results: The mean age of patients was 6.52±3.56months. There were 49 (53.26%) male while 43 (46.74%) female infants. The mean weight of patients was 5.59±1.44kg. There were 21 (22.83%) cases of consanguineous marriage while 71 (77.17%) were other than cousin marriage. There were 63 (68.48%) had salt depletion while in 29 (31.52%) did not had salt depletion. There were 39 (42.39%) had genital virilization while in 53 (57.61%) did not had genital virilization. Conclusion: Thus the frequency of patterns (salt depletion and genital virilization) of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia are high in local population.

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