We assessed the immediate effects of two universal, first-grade preventive interventions on the proximal targets of poor achievement, concentration problems, aggression, and shy behaviors, known early risk behaviors for later substance use/abuse, affective disorder, and conduct disorder. The classroom-centered (CC) intervention was designed to reduce these early risk behaviors by enhancing teachers' behavior management and instructional skills, whereas the family-school partnership (FSP) intervention was aimed at improving parent-teacher communication and parental teaching and child behavior management strategies. Over the course of first and second grades, the CC intervention yielded the greatest degree of impact on its proximal targets, whereas the FSP's impact was somewhat less. The effects were influenced by gender and by preintervention levels of risk. Analyses of implementation measures demonstrated that greater fidelity to the intervention protocols was associated with greater impact on behavior ratings and on achievement scores, thus providing some evidence of specificity in the effect of the interventions.

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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of DNA methylation biomarkers in the setting of repeat biopsy in men with an initially negative prostate biopsy but a high index of suspicion for missed prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively evaluated 86 men with an initial histologically negative prostate biopsy and high-risk features. All men underwent repeat 12-core ultrasonography-guided biopsy. DNA methylation of glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) was determined using tissue from the initially negative biopsy and compared with histology of the repeat biopsy. The primary outcome was the relative negative predictive value (NPV) of APC compared with GSTP1, and its 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS On repeat biopsy, 21/86 (24%) men had prostate cancer. APC and GSTP1 methylation ratios below the threshold (predicting no cancer) produced a NPV of 0.96 and 0.80, respectively. The relative NPV was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.06–1.36), indicating APC has significantly higher NPV. Methylation ratios above the threshold yielded a sensitivity of 0.95 for APC and 0.43 for GSTP1. Combining both methylation markers produced a performance similar to that of APC alone. APC methylation patterns were consistent with a possible field effect or occurrence early in carcinogenesis. CONCLUSION APC methylation provided a very high NPV with a low percentage of false-negatives, in the first prospective study to evaluate performance of DNA methylation markers in a clinical cohort of men undergoing repeat biopsy. The potential of APC methylation to reduce unnecessary repeat biopsies warrants validation in a larger prospective cohort.

In this article, the authors first introduce a class of Orlicz-slice spaces which generalize the slice spaces recently studied by P. Auscher et al. Based on these Orlicz-slice spaces, the authors introduce a new kind of Hardy type spaces, the Orlicz-slice Hardy spaces, via the radial maximal functions. This new scale of Orlicz-slice Hardy spaces contains the variant of the Orlicz-Hardy space of A. Bonami and J. Feuto as well as the Hardy-amalgam space of Z. V. de P. Ablé and J. Feuto as special cases. Their characterizations via the atom, the molecule, various maximal functions, the Poisson integral and the Littlewood-Paley functions are also obtained. As an application of these characterizations, the authors establish their finite atomic characterizations, which further induce a description of their dual spaces and a criterion on the boundedness of sublinear operators from these Orlicz-slice Hardy spaces into a quasi-Banach space. Then, applying this criterion, the authors obtain the boundedness of δ-type Calderón-Zygmund operators on these Orlicz-slice Hardy spaces. All these results are new even for slice Hardy spaces and, moreover, for Hardy-amalgam spaces, the Littlewood-Paley function characterizations, the dual spaces and the boundedness of δ-type Calderón-Zygmund operators on these Hardy-type spaces are also new. )(R n ), where Φ(t) := t log(e+t) for any t ∈ [0, ∞) is an Orlicz function, and applied these Hardy-type spaces to study the linear decomposition of the product of the Hardy space H 1 (R n ) and its dual space BMO (R n ) as well as the local Hardy space h 1 (R n ) and its dual space bmo (R n ). Moreover, very recently, Cao et al. [12] applied h Φ * (R n ) to study the bilinear decomposition of the product of the local Hardy space h 1 (R n ) and its dual space bmo (R n ). Recall that both the Hardy type spaces H Φ * (R n ) and h Φ * (R n ) were defined in [8] via the (local) radial maximal functions, while h Φ * (R n ) in [12] was defined via the local grand maximal function. Moreover, no other real-variable characterizations of both the Hardy type spaces H Φ * (R n ) and h Φ * (R n ) are known so far. On the other hand, recently, to study the classification of weak solutions in the natural classes for the boundary value problems of a t-independent elliptic system in the upper plane, Auscher and Mourgoglou [6] introduced the slice spaces E