Structured Abstract Objective The pore size of the scaffold is a critical factor in repairing large bone defect. Here, we investigated the potential of bone regeneration using novel nanocomposite polydopamine‐laced hydroxyapatite collagen calcium silicate (HCCS‐PDA) scaffolds with two different pore sizes, 250 and 500 μm. Samples/Setting A total of 12 male Sprague‐Dawley rats were implanted with HCCS‐PDA scaffold with pore size of either 250 or 500 μm into surgically created critical‐sized defect (CSD). Methods HCCS‐PDA scaffolds were fabricated using mould printing technique. The effect of pore size on mechanical strength of the scaffolds was assessed by compression testing. After seeding with rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs), the scaffolds were implanted, and new bone formation was evaluated using microCT and histomorphometric analysis after 8 weeks. Results MicroCT and histology analysis demonstrated restricted peripheral new bone formation in either dural or periosteal side and limited new bone formation in the 250 μm pore scaffold. Conversely, the 500‐μm pore scaffold showed more penetration of new bone into the scaffold and greater bone regeneration in the rat CSD. Conclusion Based on our results, which demonstrated improved new bone formation in 500 μm pores scaffold, we can conclude that effective scaffold pore size that induces osteointegration and bone regeneration is around 500 μm for HCCS‐PDA nanocomposite scaffold.

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Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the facial skeletal patterns and the shape of the mandibular symphysis in adults with malocclusion by using a structural equation model (SEM). Methods Ninety adults who had malocclusion and had records of facial skeletal measurements performed using cone-beam computed tomography were selected for this study. The skeletal measurements were classified into three groups (vertical, anteroposterior, and transverse). Cross-sectional images of the mandibular symphysis were analyzed using generalized Procrustes and principal component (PC) analyses. A SEM was constructed after the factors were extracted via factor analysis. Results Two factors were extracted from the transverse, vertical, and anteroposterior skeletal measurements. Latent variables were extracted for each factor. PC1, PC2, and PC3 were selected to analyze the variations of the mandibular symphyseal shape. The SEM was constructed using the skeletal variables, PCs, and latent variables. The SEM showed that the vertical latent variable exerted the most influence on the mandibular symphyseal shape. Conclusions The relationship between the skeletal pattern and the mandibular symphysis was analyzed using a SEM, which showed that the vertical facial skeletal pattern had the highest effect on the shape of the mandibular symphysis.