Our study aimed at automated power spectral analysis of the EEG in preterm infants to identify changes of spectral measures with maturation. Weekly (10 -20 montage) 4-h EEG recordings were performed in 18 preterm infants with GA Ͻ32 wk and normal neurological follow-up at 2 y, resulting in 79 recordings studied from 27 ϩ4 to 36 ϩ3 wk of postmenstrual age (PMA, GA ϩ postnatal age). Automated spectral analysis was performed on 4-h EEG recordings. The frequency spectrum was divided in delta 1 (0.5-1 Hz), delta 2 (1-4 Hz), theta (4 -8 Hz), alpha (8 -13 Hz), and beta (13-30 Hz) band. Absolute and relative power of each frequency band and spectral edge frequency were calculated. Maturational changes in spectral measures were observed most clearly in the centrotemporal channels. With advancing PMA, absolute powers of delta 1 to 2 and theta decreased. With advancing PMA, relative power of delta 1 decreased and relative powers of alpha and beta increased, respectively. In conclusion, with maturation, spectral analysis of the EEG showed a significant shift from the lower to the higher frequencies. Computer analysis of EEG will allow an objective and reproducible analysis for long-term prognosis and/or stratification of clinical treatment. (Pediatr Res 70: 529-534, 2011) A dvances in the care of very preterm infants have led to an increased survival (1). However, a considerable number of these infants experience neurological deficits later in life, even in the absence of neuroimaging abnormalities (2,3). The exact etiology of these developmental deficits remains to be clarified, but it is suggested that medical, environmental, and iatrogenic conditions may interfere with white matter development of the vulnerable preterm brain (4). Therefore, brain function monitoring in preterm infants during their stay in the NICU may be valuable in detecting conditions that interfere with brain development (5). It is a challenge to develop effective monitoring and therapeutic strategies to protect the preterm brain.The EEG is regarded as the gold standard in the assessment of cerebral function. Assessing changes in EEG are useful in the prediction of long-term outcome (6). Although the acute and chronic EEG changes are mainly nonspecific regarding type of damage, they correlate with later neurological and cognitive function (7). In preterm infants developing white matter damage, acute EEG findings include decreased continuity, lower amplitude of background activity, and epileptic seizure activity (8). The chronic EEG changes associated with white matter injury and abnormal neurological development include delayed maturation and disorganized pattern with the presence of abundant positive Rolandic sharp waves (9,10). In addition, EEG patterns of preterm infants change with postmenstrual age (PMA) (11,12). In the very preterm infant, the EEG background activity is characterized by discontinuity, instability, and fragmentation (13). The greater the prematurity, the more marked are these EEG aspects. These characteristics make the ...

ObjectiveTo test the ability of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ3) to help identify or exclude neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in very preterm-born children at the corrected age of two.MethodsWe studied the test results of 224 children, born at <32 postmenstrual weeks, who had scores on ASQ3 and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSIDIII) and neurological examination at 22–26 months’ corrected age. We defined NDI as a score of <70 on the cognitive—or motor composite scale of BSIDIII, or impairment on neurological examination or audiovisual screening. We compared NDI with abnormal ASQ3 scores, i.e., < -2SDs on any domain, and with ASQ3 total scores. To correct for possible overestimation of BSIDIII, we also analyzed the adjusted BSIDIII thresholds for NDI, i.e., scores <80 and <85.ResultsWe found 61 (27%) children with abnormal ASQ3 scores, and 10 (4.5%) children who had NDI with original BSIDIII thresholds (<70). Twelve children had NDI at BSIDIII thresholds at <80, and 15 had <85. None of the 163 (73%) children who passed ASQ3 had NDI. The sensitivity of ASQ3 to detect NDI was excellent (100%), its specificity was acceptable (76%), and its negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%. Sensitivity and NPV remained high with the adjusted BSIDIII thresholds.ConclusionThe Ages and Stages Questionnaire is a simple, valid and cost-effective screening tool to help identify and exclude NDI in very preterm-born children at the corrected age of two years.

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The number of antiepileptic drugs probably reflects increased seizure burden and is--in that way--related to poor outcome. This may be useful information for early prediction of adverse neurological outcome in the first days of life.