No abstract

Backscatter factors were determined for x-ray beams relevant to diagnostic radiology using Monte Carlo methods. The phantom size considered most suitable for calibration of dosimeters is a cuboid of 30 x 30 cm2 front surface and 15 cm depth. This phantom size also provides a good approximation to adult patients. Three different media were studied: water, PMMA and ICRU tissue; the source geometry was a point source with varying field size and source-to-phantom distance. The variations of the backscatter factor with phantom medium and field geometry were examined. From the obtained data, a set of backscatter factors was selected and proposed for adoption as a standard set for the calibration of dosimeters to be used to measure diagnostic reference doses.

No abstract

Generally, the hands are at higher risk than are the trunk and the head, and this finding is independent of surgical skills. However, an additional hazard is created for the less experienced surgeon by a highly varying and poorly predictable exposure of the hands and time needed for fluoroscopy. Thus, the use of radiation is more consistent and standardized with a skilled surgeon.

No abstract