Mercury's magnetopause is unique in the solar system due to its relatively small size and its close proximity to the Sun. Based on 3 years of MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging orbital Magnetometer and the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer data, the mean magnetopause location was determined for a total of 5694 passes. We fit these magnetopause locations to a three‐dimensional nonaxially symmetric magnetopause which includes an indentation for the cusp region that has been successfully applied to the Earth. Our model predicts that Mercury's magnetopause is highly indented surrounding the cusp with central depth ~0.64 RM and large dayside extension. The dayside polar magnetopause dimension is, thus, smaller than the equatorial magnetopause dimension. Cross sections of the dayside magnetopause in planes perpendicular to the Mercury‐Sun line are prolate and elongated along the dawn‐dusk direction. In contrast, the magnetopause downstream of the terminator plane is larger in the north‐south than the east‐west directions by a ratio of 2.6 RM to 2.2 RM at a distance of 1.5 RM downstream of Mercury. Due to the northward offset of the internal dipole, the model predicts that solar wind has direct access to the surface of Mercury at middle magnetic latitudes in the southern hemisphere. During extremely high solar wind pressure conditions, the northern hemisphere middle magnetic latitudes may also be subject to direct solar wind impact.
Drought has become one of the major constraints to agricultural development, particularly in areas that lack water. Studying the effects of different water stresses on the photosynthesis, growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) of winter wheat will provide data for the development of scientific irrigation strategies for water-saving agricultural methods. According to the size of the field water capacity, four different water stress levels were set, i.e., 30–40% (severe stress), 40–50% (moderate stress), 50–60% (mild stress) and 60–80% (well-watered) of field water capacity, controlling the amount of irrigation through an automatic irrigation system. The results showed that the seasonal changes in photosynthetic parameters, such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular carbon concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration (E), significantly decreased under moderate and severe stress. As a result, the height, biomass and grain size of winter wheat decreased significantly, which led to low WUE and IWP. The Pn of the mild stress group only slightly decreased compared to that of the well-watered group, and was actually higher during the flowering and grain-filling stages, resulting in increases in dry biomass and 1000 grain weight of 2.07% and 1.95%, respectively. Higher WUE and IWP were attributed to higher yields and less water use. Thus, mild stress (60–80% field water capacity) resulted in the optimal use of water resources without a significant reduction in yield in the North China Plain (NCP). Therefore, mild stress can be considered a suitable environment for winter wheat growth in arid areas.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.