High conductivity, large mechanical strength, and elongation are important parameters for soft electronic applications. However, it is difficult to find a material with balanced electronic and mechanical performance. Here, a simple method is developed to introduce ion-rich pores into strong hydrogel matrix and fabricate a novel ionic conductive hydrogel with a high level of electronic and mechanical properties. The proposed ionic conductive hydrogel is achieved by physically cross-linking the tough biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel as the matrix and embedding hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) biopolymer fibers inside matrix followed by salt solution soaking. The wrinkle and dense structure induced by salting in PVA matrix provides large stress (1.3 MPa) and strain (975%). The well-distributed porous structure as well as ion migration-facilitated ion-rich environment generated by embedded HPC fibers dramatically enhances ionic conductivity (up to 3.4 S m −1 , at f = 1 MHz). The conductive hybrid hydrogel can work as an artificial nerve in a 3D printed robotic hand, allowing passing of stable and tunable electrical signals and full recovery under robotic hand finger movements. This natural rubber-like ionic conductive hydrogel has a promising application in artificial flexible electronics.

A smart window that dynamically modulates light transmittance is crucial for building energy efficiently, and promising for on‐demand optical devices. The rapid development of technology brings out different categories that have fundamentally different transmittance modulation mechanisms, including the electro‐, thermo‐, mechano‐, and photochromic smart windows. In this review, recent progress in smart windows of each category is overviewed. The strategies for each smart window are outlined with particular focus on functional materials, device design, and performance enhancement. The advantages and disadvantages of each category are summarized, followed by a discussion of emerging technologies such as dual stimuli triggered smart window and integrated devices toward multifunctionality. These multifunctional devices combine smart window technology with, for example, solar cells, triboelectric nanogenerators, actuators, energy storage devices, and electrothermal devices. Lastly, a perspective is provided on the future development of smart windows.

A passive turnoff Passive radiative cooling technology uses the infrared atmospheric window to allow outer space to be a cold sink for heat. However, this effect is one that is only helpful for energy savings in the warmer months. Wang et al . and Tang et al . used the metal-insulator transition in tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide to create window glass and a rooftop coating that circumvents this problem by turning off the radiative cooling at lower temperatures. Because the transition is simply temperature dependent, this effect also happens passively. Model simulations suggest that these materials would lead to energy savings year-round across most of the climate zones in the United States. —BG

Architectural windows that smartly regulate indoor solar radiation by changing their optical transmittance in response to thermo-stimuli have been developed as a promising solution toward reducing the energy consumption of buildings. Recently, energy-efficient smart window technology has attracted increasing scientific interest, with the exploration of energyefficient novel materials as well as integration with practical techniques to generate various desired multi-functionalities. This review systematically summarizes emerging thermoresponsive materials for smart window applications, including hydrogels, ionic liquids, perovskites, metamaterials, and liquid crystals. These are compared with vanadium dioxide (VO2), a conventional and extensively studied material for thermochromic smart window applications. In addition, recent progress on cutting-edge integrated techniques for smart windows is covered, including electro-thermal techniques, self-cleaning, wettability and also 2 integration with solar cells for bifunctional energy conservation and generation. Finally, opportunities and challenges relating to thermochromic smart windows and prospects for future development are discussed. features (Figure 1b); (2) passivity, with their automatic response to temperature cutting down the need for switch systems, for example electrical control requiring external energy and human manipulation; (3) rational stimulus-response, with regulation by indoor temperature rather than UV-triggered optical modulation in photochromic materials. The table of contents entry:Smart windows are promised significant contribution to the economization of building energy consumption. The rapid development of thermoresonsive materials and integrated techniques provide novel directions beyond conventional pure VO2-based thermochromic smart windows. The review summarizes emerging materials, including hydrogels, ionic liquids, perovskites, and metamaterials and integrated techniques, covering electro-thermal devices, self-cleaning, wettability, and integration with solar cells.