Background: Allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis are common chronic respiratory diseases in children.The prevalence rate of disease is increasing year by year. And avoid allergens, drug treatments and special immunotherapy (SIT) is the fundamental treatment for respiratory allergies diseases. But there are few comprehensive studies on the control level of asthma, improvement of lung function, and changes of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) after SLIT treatment in children with allergic asthma and rhinitis.Methods: In all, 71 child asthma patients who received sublingual-specific immune therapy for 1 year or more were divided into an asthmatic rhinitis group (31 cases) and an asthma-alone group (40 cases). The two groups of patients were compared before and after treatment in terms of rhinitis symptom scores, daytime and nighttime asthma symptom scores, visual analog scale (VAS) score, drug score, pulmonary function, and exhaled nitric oxide level (FeNO).Results: After treatment, daytime symptom scores, VAS scores, drug scores, and FeNO levels of the asthma-alone group were all lower than before treatment, and the lung function was significantly improved (P<0.05), while the difference in night symptom scores before and after treatment was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The lung function and FeNO level of children in the asthmatic rhinitis group were lower after treatment than before treatment, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The scores of rhinitis and VAS in the asthmatic rhinitis group were higher than those in the asthma-alone group, and the differences were statistically significant. There was no significant difference in other scores between the two groups. There was no significant difference in lung function and FeNO level between the two groups.Conclusions: SLIT for children with or without allergic asthma or with or without rhinitis has a significant effect, but its effect on children with asthma combined with rhinitis is not superior to that of children with asthma alone.

Objective To address the effectiveness and safety of early airway combined utilization of budesonide and surfactant for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) prevention in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Methods Literature retrieval was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, CQ VIP, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, searching from the inception to September 2021. Stata 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results This meta‐analysis suggested that early combined utilization of budesonide and surfactant by airway have a superiority on BPD incidence (risk ratio [RR] = 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54–0.71, p < 0.001], mortality (RR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.45–0.92, p = 0.016), the composite outcome of BPD or mortality (RR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.50–0.68, p < 0.001), the additional doses of surfactant (RR = 0.53; 95%CI: 0.44–0.63, p < 0.001), the duration of assisted ventilation (standard mean difference [SMD] = −1.14; 95%CI: −1.58 to −0.70, p < 0.001), duration of invasive ventilation(SMD = −1.77; 95% CI: −2.61 to −0.93, p < 0.001), and hospital stays (SMD = −1.11; 95% CI: −1.73 to −0.49, p = 0.001) in preterm infants with RDS. And these benefits were not associated with increased adverse outcomes. Furthermore, a decreased incidence of patent ducts arterious (PDA) (RR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.97, p = 0.028) was found in premature infants treated with budesonide and surfactant. Subgroup analysis based on budesonide delivery methods (inhalation or intratracheal instillation) indicated that the decrease of mortality (RR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43–0.93, p = 0.019), duration of assisted ventilation (SMD = −0.95; 95% CI: −1.30 to −0.61, p < 0.001), hospital stays (SMD = −1.23; 95% CI: −2.05 to −0.41, p = 0.003) and PDA incidence (RR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.99, p = 0.044) were mainly in budesonide intratracheal instillation subgroup, rather than in budesonide inhalation subgroup. Conclusions This meta‐analysis suggested that early combined utilization of budesonide and surfactant by airway might be an effective and safe clinical practice for BPD prevention in premature infants with RDS, especially when budesonide was delivered by intratracheal instillation. However, many of the included studies were small and were from Asian origin. More well‐designed randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and longer follow‐up from all over the world ought to be conducted in the future.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of sublingual dust mite drops on inhaled corticosteroid replacement and its effect on asthma control level. Methods: Two hundred children with asthma who had received regular treatment for one year or more were divided into the observation group (71 cases) and control group (89 cases) according to whether sublingual dust mite drops were added on the basis of conventional treatment drugs. After treatment, C-ACT score, VAS score, drug score, lung function, exhaled nitric oxide level, and "ICS avoidance" were compared between the two groups. Results: Before treatment, FVC and PEF25 scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in other indicators between the two groups. There was no statistical significance in each index between the single allergic group and the multiple allergic group. Both the observation group and the control group showed statistically significant differences in each index before and after treatment. C-ACT score, FVC, FEV1, PEF, PEF75, PEF50, PEF25, MMEF75/MMEF25 after treatment were all higher than before treatment in both groups; VAS score, drug score and FeNO after treatment were all lower than before treatment. Except PEF, the difference between the observation group and the control group before and after treatment was statistically significant. Among them, after treatment, the increased values of C-ACT, FVC, FEV1, PEF75, PEF50, PEF25, MMEF75/MMEF25 in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, while the decreased values of VAS score, drug score and FeNO were higher than those in the control group. The differences were statistically significant. After treatment, the increased value of FEV 1 in the single allergic group was higher than that in the multiple allergic group, and the difference was statistically significant. There was no statistical significance in the changes in other indexes between the two groups before and after treatment. The ICS avoidance rate in the observation group was 57.4% (58/100), higher than that in the control group (17.0%, 17/100), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=35.108, P < 0.01). The ICS avoidance rate was 55.6% (15/27) in the single allergic group and 58.1% (43/74) in the multiple allergic group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (χ2=0.053, P=0.818). Conclusion: Sublingual dust mite drops can significantly improve the asthma control levels in children with asthma and have the effect of inhaled corticosteroid replacement.

Objective. To evaluate the efficiency of sublingual immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides Farinae Drops in children with single and multiple respiratory allergic diseases. Methods. Seventy-one children with allergic respiratory diseases who had been treated with Dermatophagoides Farinae Drops for one year or more were divided into a single allergic group (12 cases) and multiple allergic group (59 cases). The rhinitis score, daytime and night symptom score of asthma, VAS score, drug score, pulmonary function, and FeNO level before and after treatment were evaluated and compared between the two groups. Results. The rhinitis score, night symptom score, VAS score, and drug score in the single allergic group after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment ( p < 0.05 ), but there was no significant difference in the daytime symptom score before and after treatment ( p > 0.05 ). The rhinitis score, VAS score, and drug score in the multiple allergic group after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment ( p < 0.05 ), but there was no significant difference in the scores of daytime symptoms and nighttime symptoms before and after treatment ( p > 0.05 ). In both the single allergic group and multiple allergic group, the pulmonary function indexes of the patients were significantly improved after treatment, and the FeNO after treatment was significantly lower than that before treatment ( p < 0.05 ). There was no significant difference in scores, pulmonary function, and FeNO between the two groups ( p > 0.05 ). Conclusion. Sublingual specific immunotherapy is effective in treating multiple and single allergic respiratory diseases in children.