Objective-To describe trends in prevalence and incidence of depressive disorder in a cohort from Eastern Baltimore. Results-Older age, lower education, non-White race, and cognitive impairment are independent predictors of attrition due to death and loss of contact, but depressive disorder is not related to attrition. Prevalence rates rise for females between 1981, 1993, and 2004. Incidence rates in the period 1993-2004 are lower than the period 1981-1993, suggesting the rise in prevalence is due to increasing chronicity. MethodConclusion-There has been a rise in the prevalence of depression in the prior quarter century among middle-aged females.

Objectives-We investigated the association between major depressive disorder and type 2 diabetes, whether that association is explained by health behaviors, and whether it is influenced by educational attainment.Methods-We used discrete-time Cox proportional hazards models to determine the risk of type 2 diabetes associated with depression in a 23-year population-based cohort study. Results-Major depressive disorder was associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio[HR]=1.62) after we controlled for age, gender, race, education, smoking status, alcohol use, social network size, and antidepressant use. This association was more pronounced after we controlled for body mass index, family history, and health behaviors (HR=2.04; 95% confidence interval=1.09, 3.81). In stratified analyses, the risk associated with major depressive disorder was elevated among those with 12 or fewer years of education compared with those with at least some education beyond high school.Conclusions-The risk of type 2 diabetes associated with major depressive disorder persists over the life course and is independent of the effects of health behaviors, body mass index, and family history. Education is an important moderator of this association.Numerous retrospective observational studies have reported higher prevalence of depression among diabetic populations than among controls. 1,2 In the first prospective analysis, Eaton et al. found approximately 2 times higher risk of type 2 diabetes among those with major depressive disorder (MDD) 13 years previously than among those without depression, 3 a finding that has been replicated with remarkable consistency. 4 It is unclear whether the elevated risk of type 2 diabetes associated with depression is mediated by poor health behaviors (e.g., smoking, physical inactivity), physiological changes, or both. Depression is associated with Requests for reprints should be sent to Briana Mezuk, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 3644 SPH Tower, 109 Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (bmezuk@umich.edu). Contributors B. Mezuk was the project coordinator for the Baltimore Epidemiological Catchment Area Study and completed the analyses and led the writing of the article. W. W. Eaton is the principal investigator of the Baltimore Epidemiological Catchment Area Study and supervised all aspects of its implementation. S. H. Golden assisted with the analyses and drafting the article. Y. Ding assisted with the data setup and analyses. All authors helped to originate ideas, interpret findings, and review drafts of the article. Human Participant ProtectionThis study was approved by the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health institutional review board and all participants gave informed consent. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript lower socioeconomic status, 5 but it is unknown whether indicators such as educational attainment moderate the associated risk of type 2 diabetes. One previous study suggested that the risk of type 2...

No abstract

The results of this study are most compatible with no association between maternal use of SSRIs in early pregnancy and cardiac malformations or septal defects in the offspring. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.