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Lifestyle intervention for 6 years in IGT was associated with a 47% reduction in the incidence of severe, vision-threatening retinopathy over a 20 year interval, primarily due to the reduced incidence of diabetes in the intervention group. However, similar benefits were not seen for nephropathy or neuropathy.

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ABSTRACT:Childhood adiposity is increasingly recognized as a significant predictor of cardiometabolic risks in later life. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with longitudinal changes in weight during childhood and the development of metabolic disease risk factors. Four hundred twenty-four children from DaQing city, China, were recruited at 5 y old and followed up for 5 y. Birth weight, television (TV) viewing time at 5 y old, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, fasting plasma insulin (FI), and triglycerides (TG) levels were measured at 5 and 10 y old. Both birth weight and TV viewing time at 5 y old significantly correlated with percentage of ideal weight for height (WFH) at 5 y old (WFH5; p ϭ 0.0032 and p ϭ 0.01), but only TV time was significantly correlated with WFH at 10 y old (WFH10; p Ͻ 0.0001). Blood pressures, FI, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and TG at 10 y old were significantly greater in those children who had greater change in WFH from 5 to 10 y old (⌬WFH). We concluded that TV viewing time was the stronger determinant of later childhood adiposity. A greater ⌬WFH was associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors at 10 y old. (Pediatr Res 70: 307-312, 2011) C hildhood obesity is becoming an increasing concern around the world and is already a major public health problem in China (1). Obese children often become obese adults (2), and obese children have a greater risk of developing hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes (3,4). Childhood adiposity has a significant bearing on subsequent adult health and disease, and a higher BMI in childhood is associated with adult-onset diabetes (5,6), hypertension (7,8), visceral and s.c. fat mass (9), metabolic syndrome (10), and coronary heart disease (11). Similarly, elevated fasting plasma insulin (FI) level in childhood is associated with the adult metabolic syndrome (10,12).A number of factors can lead to obesity in children, including genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. In addition, childhood adiposity may be influenced by early life events like in utero fetal growth (13), breast feeding (14), and rapidity of weight gain during infancy (13,15). A heavier birth weight has been shown to confer a higher risk of being overweight during childhood and adolescence (16,17). Evidence from prospective observational studies suggests that increased physical activity and decreased sedentary behavior may be protective against weight gain in childhood and adolescence (18). Television (TV) viewing is a prevalent sedentary activity, and an estimated 26.5 to 49.2% of children 11 to 15 y old watch TV for 4 h or more per day (19). TV viewing time has been consistently linked with a higher risk of being overweight in children and adults (20 -23). The National Health Examination Survey examined 6671 children aged 12 to 17 y and found the prevalence of obesity increased by 2% for each additional hour of TV viewed (20). Another study of 746 children 10 to 1...

Polymer flooding has been applied to the development of an offshore oil field S18 located in Bohai Gulf, China, where the water and polymer injection wells are alternately distributed. Field tests have indicated that the oil production and economic profit are significantly affected by the interference between alternately injected water and polymer. Therefore, it is of great importance to quantify the water-polymer interference (WPI) and thus improve the oil production. In this paper, the polymer flooding performance for the offshore oil field S18 has been evaluated by using a newly proposed WPI factor. The developed model provides a new way to evaluate the polymer flooding performance for the offshore oil field. More specifically, onshore and offshore polymer injection processes are thoroughly compared in terms of field performance, reservoir properties, and polymer flooding parameters. Then, a conceptual model is developed to analyze and quantify the interference between the injected water and polymer. The WPI factor is firstly introduced and quantified by a water cut funnel prediction method. The WPI factor is found to increase with the water injection rate and decrease with the polymer concentration. Subsequently, the reservoir simulation model of S18 oil field is well developed including 50 injectors and 93 producers with well-matched field production data. The WPI factor is accordingly optimized by tuning the water injection rate and polymer concentration at different blocks of the S18 oil field with the assistance of orthogonal design method. Consequently, the overall WPI factor of the S18 oil field is decreased by 8.20% after the optimized polymer & water injection scheme is applied, resulting in an increased oil recovery by 0.24%.