No abstract

We applied an effective approximation into Maxwell's equations including axion-photon interaction for haloscope searches. A set of Maxwell's equations acquired from this approximation exactly describes the reacted fields generated from the axion-photon interaction. Unlike other approaches, this set of Maxwell's equations inherently satisfies the boundary conditions for haloscope searches. Electromagnetic fields in cylindrical and toroidal cavities were evaluated from the Maxwell's equations including when the axion mass becomes ultra-light (sub-meV). Stored energy in both cavities was also examined. A small but non-zero difference between the electric and magnetic stored energies appeared in both cases. The difference may come from non-dissipating current induced by oscillating axions.

Ultralight bosons such as axion-like particles are viable candidates for dark matter. They can form stable, macroscopic field configurations in the form of topological defects that could concentrate the dark matter density into many distinct, compact spatial regions that are small compared with the Galaxy but much larger than the Earth. Here we report the results of the search for transient signals from the domain walls of axion-like particles by using the global network of optical magnetometers for exotic (GNOME) physics searches. We search the data, consisting of correlated measurements from optical atomic magnetometers located in laboratories all over the world, for patterns of signals propagating through the network consistent with domain walls. The analysis of these data from a continuous month-long operation of GNOME finds no statistically significant signals, thus placing experimental constraints on such dark matter scenarios.

Background A20 protein has ubiquitin-editing activities and acts as a key regulator of inflammation and immunity. Previously, our group showed that A20 promotes tumor metastasis through multi-monoubiquitylation of SNAIL1 in basal-like breast cancer. Here, we investigated survival outcomes in patients with breast cancer according to A20 expression. Patients and methods We retrospectively collected tumor samples from patients with breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with an A20-specific antibody was performed, and survival outcomes were analyzed. Results A20 expression was evaluated in 442 patients. High A20 expression was associated with advanced anatomical stage and young age. High A20 expression showed significantly inferior recurrence-free-survival and overall-survival ( P< 0.001 and P <0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that A20 was an independent prognostic marker for RFS (HRs: 2.324, 95% CIs: 1.446–3.736) and OS (HRs: 2.629, 95% CIs: 1.585–4.361). In human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes, high A20 levels were associated with poor OS. Conclusion We found that A20 expression is a poor prognostic marker in breast cancer. The prognostic impact of A20 was pronounced in aggressive tumors, such as HER2-positive and TNBC subtypes. Our findings suggested that A20 may be a valuable target in patients with aggressive breast cancer.