Transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) is a membrane glycoprotein that mediates cellular iron uptake from holotransferrin. Homozygous mutations of this gene cause one form of hereditary hemochromatosis in humans. We recently reported that homozygous TfR2(Y245X) mutant mice, which correspond to the TfR2(Y250X) mutation in humans, showed a phenotype similar to hereditary hemochromatosis. In this study, we further analyzed the phenotype as well as iron-related gene expression in these mice by comparing the TfR2-mutant and wild-type siblings. Northern blot analyses showed that the levels of expression of hepcidin mRNA in the liver were generally lower, whereas those of duodenal DMT1, the main transporter for uptake of dietary iron, were higher in the TfR2-mutant mice as compared to the wild-type siblings. Expression of hepcidin mRNA in the TfR2 mutant mice remained low even after intraperitoneal iron loading. In isolated hepatocytes from both wild-type and TfR2 mutant mice, interleukin-6 and lipopolysaccharide each induced expression of hepcidin mRNA. These results suggest that up-regulation of hepcidin expression by inflammatory stimuli is independent of TfR2 and that TfR2 is upstream of hepcidin in the regulatory pathway of body iron homeostasis. IntroductionHereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a group of genetic disorders that manifest iron deposition in a variety of organs such as the liver, pancreas, heart, and skin. If untreated, liver cirrhosis, heart failure, and diabetes can develop. Most HH is caused by mutations in the HFE gene. 1 The frequency of homozygous C282Y mutation of this gene is estimated to be 1 in 150 in people of northern European descent, 2 though its clinical penetrance is low. 3 Mutations in several other genes also produce an HH phenotype, including hemojuvelin (HFE2/HJV), 4 hepcidin (hepatic antimicrobial peptide: HAMP), 5 and transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2). 6 The phenotypes caused by mutations of these genes are similar, manifesting increased transferrin (Tf) saturations, periportal hepatic iron loading, and reticuloendothelial iron sparing. This observation suggests that the products of these genes are on a common pathway for regulation of iron homeostasis.TfR2 protein is a membrane glycoprotein that can interact with Tf. 7 Human TfR2 has at least 2 alternatively spliced transcripts, ␣ and ␤. TfR2-␣ is the membrane-bound form predominantly expressed in the liver, whereas TfR2-␤ is a form that consists of only the extracellular domain of TfR2-␣. Similar to TfR1, TfR2-␣ interacts with holo-Tf but not with apo-Tf at neutral pH. 8 Expression of TfR2 mRNA almost exclusively occurs in the liver and erythroid precursor cells. 9 Homozygosity for one of several mutations in the TfR2 gene, including the truncation mutation Y250X, has been associated with hereditary hemochromatosis in humans. 6 In addition, we recently reported that homozygous TfR2(Y245X) mutant mice, which correspond to the TfR2(Y250X) mutation in humans, showed hepatocellular iron deposition with elevated serum Tf saturations. 10 However,...

Somatostatin (SRIF) analogs provide safe and effective therapy for acromegaly. In a proportion of patients, however, SRIF analogs may lead to discordant growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I suppression, which suggests a more complex mechanism than attributable to inhibition of GH release alone. To elucidate whether SRIF acts peripherally on the GH-IGF-I axis, we showed that rat hepatocytes express somatostatin receptor subtypes-2 and -3 and that IGF-I mRNA and protein levels were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by administration of octreotide. The inhibitory effect of SRIF was not apparent without added GH and in the presence of GH was specific for IGF-I induction and did not inhibit GH-induced c-myc or extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Pertussis toxin treatment of hepatocytes incubated with GH and SRIF, or with GH and octreotide, abrogated the inhibitory effect on GH-induced IGF-I, which confirms the requirement for the inhibitory G-protein. Treatment with SRIF and GH increased protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity and inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription-5b (STAT5b) phosphorylation and nuclear localization. Octreotide also inhibited GH-stimulated IGF-I protein content of ex vivo-perfused rat livers. The results demonstrate that SRIF acts both centrally and peripherally to control the GH-IGF-I axis, providing a mechanistic explanation for SRIF analog action in treating patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas.