Dapagliflozin appears to be an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, although it may increase the risk of urinary tract infections and genital tract infections.

ObjectivesDespite the publication of hundreds of trials on gout and hyperuricemia, management of these conditions remains suboptimal. We aimed to assess the quality and consistency of guidance documents for gout and hyperuricemia.DesignSystematic review and quality assessment using the appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation (AGREE) II methodology.Data sourcesPubMed and EMBASE (27 October 2016), two Chinese academic databases, eight guideline databases, and Google and Google scholar (July 2017).Eligibility criteriaWe included the latest version of international and national/regional clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements for diagnosis and/or treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, published in English or Chinese.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently screened searched items and extracted data. Four reviewers independently scored documents using AGREE II. Recommendations from all documents were tabulated and visualised in a coloured grid.ResultsTwenty-four guidance documents (16 clinical practice guidelines and 8 consensus statements) published between 2003 and 2017 were included. Included documents performed well in the domains of scope and purpose (median 85.4%, range 66.7%–100.0%) and clarity of presentation (median 79.2%, range 48.6%–98.6%), but unsatisfactory in applicability (median 10.9%, range 0.0%–66.7%) and editorial independence (median 28.1%, range 0.0%–83.3%). The 2017 British Society of Rheumatology guideline received the highest scores. Recommendations were concordant on the target serum uric acid level for long-term control, on some indications for urate-lowering therapy (ULT), and on the first-line drugs for ULT and for acute attack. Substantially inconsistent recommendations were provided for many items, especially for the timing of initiation of ULT and for treatment for asymptomatic hyperuricemia.ConclusionsMethodological quality needs improvement in guidance documents on gout and hyperuricemia. Evidence for certain clinical questions is lacking, despite numerous trials in this field. Promoting standard guidance development methods and synthesising high-quality clinical evidence are potential approaches to reduce recommendation inconsistencies.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42016046104.

Objective: We assessed the serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels for Chinese adults with pre-diabetes (PD) and newly-diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDDM) during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The relationships between total GLP-1 level and islet β cell function, insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (IS) were also investigated.Methods: A 75g glucose OGTT was given to 531 subjects. Based on the results, they were divided into groups of normal glucose tolerance (NGT), isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), IFG combined IGT (IFG+IGT) and NDDM. Total GLP-1 levels were measured at 0- and 2-hour during OGTT. Homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β), HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Gutt and Matsuda indexes were calculated. The relationships between GLP-1 level and β cell function, IR and IS were analyzed.Results: The levels of total fasting GLP-1 (FGLP-1), 2h GLP-1 (2hGLP-1) and 2hGLP-1 increments (∆GLP-1) following OGTT reduced significantly in IFG+IGT and NDDM groups (P<0.005). HOMA-β , HOMA-IR, Gutt and Matsuda indexes demonstrated various patterns among NGT, isolated IFG, isolated IGT, IFG+IGT and NDDM groups (P<0.05). Spearman rank correlation analysis and multivariable linear regression model suggested that some levels of correlation between GLP-1 levels, ∆GLP-1 and β cell function, IR (P<0.05).Conclusions: The total GLP-1 levels and its response to glucose load decreased significantly in IFG+IGT group, compared to isolated IFG or IGT group. They were even similar to that of NDDM group. Moreover, there were observable correlations between impaired GLP-1 secretion and β cell function, IR and IS.

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in East Asians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsA literature search that focused primarily on the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases was performed. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which satisfied the inclusion and exculsion criteria were eligible to be included in the meta-analysis. Risk ratios (RRs) and weighted mean differences (WMDs) were used as statistical indicators for the analysis of dichotomous data and continuous outcomes, respectively. Pooled estimates were obtained using random-effects models in RevMan version 5.3.5.ResultsThirty-three RCTs (8496 randomized patients) fulfilled the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the use of SGLT2 inhibitors improved both glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients (WMD − 0.73%; 95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.84, − 0.61) and the percentage of patients with HbA1c  < 7% (RR 2.33; 95% CI 1.74, 3.12); lowered both fasting plasma glucose (WMD − 28.47 mg/dl; 95% CI − 32.86, − 24.08) and postprandial glucose (WMD − 52.32 mg/dl; 95% CI − 67.67, − 39.96); reduced body weight (WMD − 1.73 kg; 95% CI − 2.28, − 1.17); and did not increase the risk of hypoglycemia (RR 1.27; 95% CI 0.89, 1.82) and urinary tract infections (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.68, 1.27). However, SGLT2 inhibitors did increase the risk of genital tract infections (GTIs) (RR 1.73; 95% CI 1.02, 2.96). The stratified analysis showed that patients with higher HbA1c levels at baseline may achieve a greater improvement in HbA1c after taking SGLT2 inhibitors, while those with higher body weight or a longer history of diabetes may have an increased risk of developing GTIs.ConclusionCurrent research suggests that SGLT2 inhibitors have favorable efficacy and safety in East Asian patients with T2DM.Electronic Supplementary MaterialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13300-019-0674-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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