The physical mechanisms of small scale density fluctuations in the frequency range 5-400 kHz were investigated with correlation reflectometry in different types of ohmically heated discharges in the T-10 tokamak. A temporal formation of velocity shear in the central region of the plasma column during the discharge transition from saturated to improved ohmic confinement resulted in suppression of long wavelength quasi-coherent turbulence, while the amplitude of fluctuations with a broader frequency spectrum was not affected. The potential of correlation reflectometry was extended by simultaneous plasma probing from the low field side and high field side. Enhancement of quasicoherent turbulence at the low field side by a factor of 5 was measured, while the other turbulence type was poloidally symmetric. A high long distance toroidal correlation of up to 40% was observed experimentally for quasi-coherent density fluctuations at a distance of 10 m after one turn around the tokamak major axis. Fluctuations propagate at an angle of about 0.5 • with respect to the perpendicular to the magnetic field line, demonstrating a drift mechanism of turbulence. Plasma rotation was estimated from a radial force balance equation for ions with the radial electric field measured with a heavy ion beam probe. A comparison of the calculated plasma rotation with the measured turbulence rotation showed that the turbulence rotates in the ion diamagnetic drift direction in the plasma frame. All experimental observations are consistent with 'toroidal' and 'slab' ion temperature gradient turbulence as the underlying physical mechanism. Experimental set-upDensity fluctuations in the frequency range 5-400 kHz were investigated with T-10 heterodyne
The goals of this paper are to compare the results of electron particle transport measurements in ohmic (OH) plasmas by means of a small perturbation technique, high-level gas puff and gas switch off, investigate the phenomenon of ‘density pump out’ during electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and to correlate density behaviour with turbulence. Two approaches for plasma particle transport studies were compared: the low perturbation technique of periodic puff (δn/ne = 0.3%) and strong density variations (δn/ne < 50%), including density ramp-up by gas puff and ramp-down with gas switch off. The model with constant in time diffusion coefficients and pinch velocities could describe the core density perturbations but failed at the edge. In the case of strong puff three stages were distinguished. Degraded energy confinement and, respectively, low turbulence frequencies were observed during density ramp-up and ramp-down, while enhanced confinement and higher turbulence frequencies were typical for the intermediate stage. Density profile variation during this intermediate phase could be described in the framework of the transport model with constant in time coefficients. The application of ECRH at the density ramp-up phase provided the possibility of postponing the ‘density pump out’. The increase in the low-frequency modes in turbulence spectra was observed at the ‘density pump out’ phase during central ECRH. Although the high- and low-frequency bands of turbulence spectra behaved as trapped electron mode and ion temperature gradient, respectively, they both rotated at the same angular velocity as a rigid body together with magnetohydrodynamic mode m/n = 2/1 and [E × B] plasma rotation.
This article provides new insight into previous and new experimental data regarding behaviour of small-scale density fluctuations in T-10 ohmic and electron cyclotron resonance heated (ECRH) discharges. The experiments demonstrate the existence of certain peaked-'marginal' normalized plasma pressure profiles in both ohmic and discharges with on-axis ECRH. Strong particle confinement degradation occurred when the normalized plasma pressure gradient exceeded this marginal profile gradient (fast density decay in ohmic, 'density pump out' in ECRH). The marginal profile could be achieved either with a flat density and peaked temperature profile or vice versa. Minimal turbulence level did not depend on heating power and was observed with the 'optimal' pressure profile, which was slightly broader than the marginal profile. The density fluctuations did not significantly contribute to the heat transport but determined particle fluxes to maintain the pressure profile. The experimental density behaviour could be reasonably described with the modified model of canonical profiles, which includes particle confinement deterioration under marginal pressure profile conditions.
Проведены исследования методом ЯМР 125 Te порошкового образца и монокристаллических пластинок топологического изолятора Bi 2 Te 3 при комнатной температуре и при низких температурах в интервале 12.5−16.5 K. Спектры монокристаллических пластинок исследовались в ориентации, в которой кристаллографическая ось c была параллельна или перпендикулярна магнитному полю. Для получения спектров регистрировались сигналы спинового эха и строилась их огибающая. Показано, что спектр ЯМР для порошка теллурида висмута и для пластинок с ориентацией c ⊥ B состоит из двух линий, которые предположительно обусловлены ядрами теллура в двух кристаллографических позициях в объеме образца. Положение и форма линий определяются химическим сдвигом и сдвигом Найта. Для ориентации пластинок c B в спектре имеется дополнительная компонента в области высоких частот, которая не может появиться за счет угловой зависимости сдвигов линий, обусловленных ядрами теллура в объеме топологического изолятора. При низкой температуре дополнительная линия доминирует в спектре.
Проведены исследования методом ЯМР 125 Te топологического изолятора теллурида висмута Bi 2 Te 3 в широком диапазоне от комнатной температуры до 12.5 K. Измерения проводились на импульсном ЯМР-спектрометре Bruker Avance 400. Спектры ЯМР были получены для порошка, приготовленного из монокристалла Bi 2 Te 3 , и для монокристаллических пластин в ориентациях c B и c ⊥ B. Спектры при комнатной температуре состояли из двух линий, которые были отнесены к двум неэквивалентным позициями ядер теллура Te1 и Te2. Параметры тензора сдвига частоты ЯМР были найдены из спектра для порошка. Температурные зависимости спектров для порошка и пластин в ориентации c ⊥ B согласовывались между собой. Изменения положения линий с понижением температуры объяснялись уменьшением сдвига Найта. Была оценена энергия термоактивации носителей заряда. Спектры для пластин в ориентации c B демонстрировали особенности ниже 91 K. Измерены времена спин-решеточной релаксации для порошка и монокристаллических пластин в обеих ориентациях при комнатной температуре.Данная работа была поддержана Российским фондом фундаментальных исследований (гранты № 14-02-92012 и 16-57-52009), ФАНО России (программа " Спин" № 01201463330), правительством Российской Федерации (государственный контракт № 02.A03.21.0006) и Национальным научным советом Тайваня. ЯМР-измерения и рентгеновская дифракция проводились в Научном парке СПбГУ.
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