Most commercial probiotic products intended for pharmaceutical applications consist of combinations of probiotic strains and are available in various forms. The development of co‐culture fermentation conditions to produce probiotics with the correct proportion of viable microorganisms would reduce multiple operations and the associated costs. The aim of this study was to develop a fermentation medium and process to achieve biomass comprising the desired proportion of two probiotic strains in co‐culture. Initially, a quantification medium was developed, and the method was optimized to allow the quantification of each strain's biomass in a mixture. The specific growth rates of Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus plantarum were determined in media with different carbon sources. The inoculum volume was optimized to achieve equal proportion of biomass in co‐culture fermentation in test tubes. Next, fermentation was carried out in a 3‐L bioreactor. A biomass concentration of 2.06 g/L, with L. delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and L. plantarum in the ratio of 47%:53% (by weight), was achieved with concomitant production of 12.69 g/L of lactic acid in 14 h. The results show that with careful manipulation of process conditions, it is possible to achieve the desired proportion of individual strains in the final biomass produced by co‐culture fermentation. This process may serve as a model to produce multistrain probiotic drugs at industrial scale.

Aim. The purpose of our study was to determine the content of total protein in the F5 generation grains, the carriers of the Gpc-B1 gene from Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides by two methods, which in turn would confirm the successful expression of the Gpc-B1 gene in the genetic environment of bread winter wheat. Methods. Determination of protein content was carried out by Kjeldahl method and by infrared spectrometry (NIR) method. Results. The 44 hybrid lines that are homozygous for the Gpc-B1 gene from T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides have been analyzed. It has been established that for both methods, the average content of protein in the grain of hybrid lines is 14 % higher in comparison to the original Kuyalnik variety. Particular attention should be paid to the line number 10, 12 and 35 in which the content of protein exceeds 15 % by the method of Kjeldahl. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate that the gene Gpc-B1 from the wild relative in the new genetic environment of the highly productive registered wheat cultivar Kuyalnik has been functioning and has a positive effect on the accumulation of total protein in grains.Keywords: biofortification, protein content, Triticum aestivum, Gpc-B1 gene, Kjeldahl and NIR methods.

The analysis of the literature allows us to characterise the potential of the new probiotic yeast strain S. boulardii. The paper describes the long period of formation of fundamental knowledge and introduction of some technological methods into the production of different fermented milks products. Besides the historical aspect, the microbiological diversity of fermented milks products is considered, and the technological differences in manufacturing them are shown. It is known that yoghurt is one of the most famous fermented milk products. This dairy product has been very popular for years due to its taste characteristics and ease of manufacture. With the accumulation of knowledge about probiotics and the yoghurt production technology, there has appeared a tendency to further enrichment of the product with certain probiotics, prebiotics, and minerals. Today, yoghurt manufacturing actively uses the method of enriching the finished product with probiotics. This allows creating a qualitatively new functional food product that not only has nutritional value for the consumer, but also produces a certain positive effect on intestinal microbes and thus on the consumer’s health. Bacteria are known to be the main probiotics, but the recent discovery of the probiotic properties of certain genera and species of yeast opens up new prospects of their use, both in the pharmaceutical industry and in creating functional foods. The recently discovered yeast strain S. boulardii, phylogenetically related to S. cerevisiae, has many therapeutic effects and significant advantages over bacterial probiotics, in particular, it is resistant to antibiotics. S. boulardii is a probiotic strain that can be used to enrich yoghurt. The physiological properties of the strain and therapeutic properties of the products of its metabolism along with the technological parameters of yoghurt processing make a combination of the probiotic and this beneficial fermented milk very promising. It has been determined that to produce enriched yoghurt, it is possible to use both a lyophilised culture of S. boulardii and a microencapsulated one. On analysing the economic aspect, especially the sale of yoghurts and the further tendency towards an increase in its consumption, we can say that the introduction of S. boulardii as an enrichment strain is a promising issue of current importance.

In this review article an analysis of the biochemical and biophysical aspects of modern magnetic immunoassay (MIA) is conducted and additionally the problems and perspectives of its application in biology, biotechnology and medicine are defined. Magnetic immunoassay should be considered as an evolutionary extension of the classical immunoassay. MIA can have many variants of modifications, similar to the classic immunoenzymatic assay. The key distinctive element of the MIA is the use of magnetic particles (MPs), which are usually nanoparticles. MPs in the MIA can act as a marker for detection, or the solid phase at which the immunochemical reaction takes place. MIA possesses basic advantages over classical immunoassay methods: thanks to the unique magnetic properties of the MPs and the ability to manipulate it in the external magnetic field, it is possible to increase the informative value of the analysis (first of all, sensitivity and specificity), as well as the rigid requirements for “purity” of tested samples. For the purposes of immunoassay, magnetic particles of size from 10 to 200 nm are important, since such particles are in a superparamagnetic state, in the absence of strong magnetic fields; they are not agglomerated in a liquid medium. The size of the spherical particle determines the rate of sedimentation and mobility in the solution. The outer polymeric membrane serves as a matrix in which the surface functional groups are added, and also protects the core of the metal from the external environment. The outer shell may also consist of agarose, cellulose, porous glass, silicon dioxide etc. There are several strategies for the synthesis of nanoparticles: mechanical (dispersion), physical (gas phase deposition), wet chemical methods (chemical comprecipitation, thermal decomposition, methods of micro emulsion, hydrothermal reactions) and physico-chemical methods. Also used are magnesite nanoparticles of biogenic origin. Magnetic particles may function, and this is important for immunoassay. Surface functional groups include carboxylic, amino, epoxy, hydroxyl, tosyl, and N-hydroxysuccinate-activated groups. Magnetic spherical particles usually interact with surface molecules such as streptovidine, biotin, protein A, protein G, and immunoglobulin etc. Directions and prospects of the development of methods of magnetic immunoassay are determined, mainly, by the development of methods for detecting or influencing magnetic particles. In this case, the classical methods of detection are electrochemical methods, electrochemiluminescence, fluorescence. More modern ones include giant magnetoresistance, superconducting quantum interference devices, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, biosensors based on nonlinear magnetization, magneto-PCR immunoassay. The current trend is to combine or integrate the application of various biochemical, physical, molecular and genetic, physico-chemical detection methods. In fact, all of these benefits undoubtedly open up broad prospects for the practical application of MIA in biology, biotechnology and medicine.

Одержано оригінальний набір із 12 клонів гібридом, продуцентів моноклональних антитіл (мат) до Igе людини. Проведено поглиблене вивчення біологічних властивостей антитіл: встановлено їх специфічність, константу афінності та титр у культуральній рідині. Одержано мат, спрямовані до двох епітопних регіонів на молекулі іgе. Перша група мат належить до епітопного регіону, що представлений трьома епітопами (два з яких перекриваються та один, що не перекривається з іншими). Другий епітопний регіон представлений лише одним епітопом. к л ю ч о в і с л о в а: моноклональні антитіла, гібридоми, IgE людини, афінність, епітопне картування.