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The entrepreneurial university and academic discourses: The meta‐synthesis of Higher Education articles

“…Researchers in the field of Higher Education then asserted that the understanding of the 'entrepreneurial university' evolved to serve the community via economic and/or social value creation (Bernasconi, 2005;Hakala, 2009; Mars & Rios-Aguilar, 2010; Mok et al, 2013;Sam & van der Sijde, 2014;Sharma, 2004;Subotzky, 1999;Yokoyama, 2006). Based on these results, the entrepreneurial university is the university that trains highly qualified graduates with an entrepreneurial spirit, produces practical knowledge with commercial purposes, transfers innovative technologies to industry and contributes to the social development of the community through their services.…”

“…However, the definition above introduced a salient conflict between the approaches of entrepreneurial universities and universities' social mission. Although Subotzky (1999) and Mars and Rios-Aguilar (2010) highlighted the importance of social entrepreneurship, most Higher Education researchers only referred to social services (e.g., lifelong learning programmes or cultural events) as opportunities for entrepreneurial universities to generate more income. This understanding leads to serious questions about the larger public purposes for entrepreneurial universities since Clark (2001) evaluated the entrepreneurial university modelling as an opportunity for universities 'to learn anew how to build … a strong university identity … seek[ing] a role of its own in regional, national and international arenas [and to] utilize a rugged identity as a foundation for renewed trust between the individual university and society' (p. 23).…”

“…This understanding leads to serious questions about the larger public purposes for entrepreneurial universities since Clark (2001) evaluated the entrepreneurial university modelling as an opportunity for universities 'to learn anew how to build … a strong university identity … seek[ing] a role of its own in regional, national and international arenas [and to] utilize a rugged identity as a foundation for renewed trust between the individual university and society' (p. 23). Many studies confirmed that market-oriented techniques as a part of entrepreneurial activities cause universities to make advances toward private entities (Mars & Rios-Aguilar, 2010;Provasi et al, 2012;Ryu, 1998;Sam & van der Sijde, 2014;Subotzky, 1999). University managers might develop special evaluation and rewarding strategies for community engagement activities to promote the social service mission as a complementary part of universities' entrepreneurial efforts.…”

Functioning of entrepreneurial universities as subjects of the system of international knowledge transfer

“…Entrepreneurial university is a university which has a close partnership with business, where employees are responsible for the availability of external sources of funding, and which has the managerial ideal of institutional ma nagement, leadership and planning [1].…”

Institutional change in the German Higher Education system: from professional dominance to managed education

“…Although some pilot projects of global budgets were launched in the early nineties (Jensen & Neuvians, 1994), the deregulation and autonomy of universities on a large scale had been mainly put in place by 1998. Globalization, shifting demographics, the changes in the production regime towards knowledge-intensive work, growing competition from the private higher-education sector, and ongoing fiscal constraints have been drivers for the world-wide institutional change in higher education (Høstaker & Vabø, 2005;Sporn, 2001;Subotzky, 1999). Since Europe intends to become the "most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy" (Council, 2000), Germany's higher-education system was demandedto become more effective in producing useful knowledge and skilled labor to support the necessary innovations at company, regional, and national level (Warning, 2007).…”