Untitled

Abstract

Altering the bioactivity of aqueous solutions via serial dilutions is important for toxicology, medicine and wastewater treatment. Extensive research has shown that serially diluting aqueous solutions beyond a threshold concentration, combined with vigorous shaking after each dilution step, has several notable effects. (a) The solutes may serve as substrates, which facilitate association of water molecules (10 -5 and 10 -7 m sized associates). (b) The associates and the bioactivity of these liquids persist when these fluids are diluted below 10 -24 mol/liter. (c) The associates and the bioactivity of these liquids disappear when such ultra-diluted fluids are screened from ambient electromagnetic radiation. (d) The structural and physicochemical properties of these liquids are explainable within the context of quantum electrodynamics (QED). Hitherto, relations between the physicochemical properties of these liquids and their substrates have not been unveiled. There are no reports of statistically significant data that reflect physicochemical aspects of these liquids attributable to specific characteristics of substrates. Moreover, the aforementioned relations have not been theoretically derived. In this study, the relations are ana-lyzed within the context of QED. The analyses have helped elucidate the challenge of observing the impact of the substrate on the associates. The analyses also indicate that measuring the quantum Hall effect of these liquids holds the promise of unveiling the aforementioned relations.

Possible Effect of Human-Experimenter on Homeopathic-Like Aqueous Preparations

“…To meet Bonferroni's multiple comparison problem, for example when comparing N pairs of spectral readings between ensembles, a level of statistical significance should be p < p B = 0.05/N. Therefore, statistically significant differences in the spectra were accepted if the condition in Equation ( 1) was satisfied for some adjacent wavelengths, where a Mann-Whitney p < 0.05 of the same sign was found [12].…”

“…A part of λ centr values lie on the boundaries of the water absorption band, seen between 3600 and 3000 cm −1 . However, the values of transmission coefficient T% are in the limits of dynamic range of the apparatus [12].…”

“…The procedure of producing homeopathic-like preparations was described in detail in [12]. The numbering of vials/containers, corresponding to various parent substances, was written in the list (protocol), which was not revealed before completing spectral measurements (saving text files).…”

“…He sorted spectra (spectral readings or spectral parameters) by parent substances in accordance with the first-time unsealed numbering protocol of preparations. The same human experimenter fulfilled the statistical processing of results by means of a predetermined algorithm [12].…”

“…As for the dynamic range of the evaluated spectral signals, in all three types of spectral measurements (diapasons), it did not exceed the available dynamic range of receiving tracts of spectrometers. Thus, spectral measurements were carried out at sufficient levels of signal/noise ratio, which excluded the influence of background noise of equipment on the obtained results [12].On the other hand, it is not surprising that the identified portions of spectra, characterized by the most prominent difference in homeopathic-like preparations and hidden/apparent control, lie in the areas of maximal water absorption (in neighborhood of minima of transmission and refractive indexes), because in these regions, intensive interaction of emission of spectrometers with a molecular structure of water may be expected [12].…”