1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole: A Versatile Therapeutic Heterocycle

Abstract

1, 3, 4-oxadiazole emerged as an important heterocyclic nucleus for new drug development. These compounds have importance as biological targets. This article describes the various methods of synthesis and different bioactivity profiles of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring system which have been reported within last five years and is helpful in the invention of newer compounds with antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, anti-tumor, antitubercular, anticonvulsant activities and so forth.

Novel Sources of Tolerance to Aluminium Toxicity in Wild Cicer (Cicer reticulatum and Cicer echinospermum) Collections

“…The composition of solutions used to screen Al toxicity at low pH is critically important since many factors can alter Al speciation and Al 3+ activity in solution. Previous studies in chickpeas used high strength Hoagland solution (Choudhury and Sharma, 2014) or different compositions for nutrient solutions (Rai, 1991;Singh and Raje, 2011;Sharma et al, 2015), making it difficult to compare chickpea responses to low pH and Al. The Al 3+ species is the main form of Al toxic to plants at low pH and a dominant form of Al found in solutions, but it can form hydroxyl monomers of Al and also complexes or precipitates with other ions, which means that some Al in solution is no longer toxic to plant growth (Kochian et al, 2005;Famoso et al, 2010).…”

“…Aluminium concentrations selected in this study (15 and 60 µM Al) were lower than the concentrations of other researchers, Choudhury and Sharma (2014), Rai (1991), Singh and Raje (2011), which used concentrations, 10-500, 741, and 100 µM Al, respectively. However, these screening solutions (Rai, 1991;Singh and Raje, 2011;Sharma et al, 2015) had high ionic strength, which likely caused the complexing of Al with other nutrients in the solution such as sulphate or phosphate. Therefore, the concentrations of Al reported probably exceeded the Al 3+ that was actually present in the solution (Kochian et al, 2005;Shaff et al, 2010;Shavrukov et al, 2012).…”

“…The variability within chickpea to Al tolerance was attributed to Al exclusion, as there was reduced accumulation of Al in root apices (Singh and Raje, 2011;Ryan, 2018). Another study suggested that chickpea genotypes with efficient nitrate accumulation were more tolerant of Al stress (Sharma et al, 2015). However, the major drawback of these studies was the high solution ion concentrations.…”

Untitled

“…1,3,4-Oxadiazole derivatives are important compounds in many fields, including medicine. Anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiinflammatory activities have been described for these compounds [3]. 1,3,4-oxadiazoles were important for the development of heterocyclic chemistry theory and are widely used in organic synthesis [4].…”