1,3-Asymmetric induction in addition reactions of chiral .beta.-alkoxy aldehydes: efficient chelation control via Lewis acidic titanium reagents

Abstract

Co2+ + 2H20 Co(OH)2 + 2H+ (2) Co(OH)2 + Ru(III) T=5 Co(OH)2+ + Ru(II) (3) k-i Co(OH)2+ + Ru(III) -^p• Co02+ + Ru(II) + H20 (4) CoQ2+ ~Co2+ + H202 (5) Co02+ + Co(II) CoOCo4+ppt. (6) 2Ru(III) + H202 -2Ru(II) + 02 + 2H+ (7) as part of the catalytic sequence.23,8 The net reaction, Ru(II) formation and Co(III) precipitation, found when [Ru(III)] and[Co(II)] are equal, results from eq 2-4 and 6 (or its equivalent).9,10The diminished catalyst activity at high Ru(III) is also ascribed to eq 6; this reaction converts part of the Co(IV) and Co(II) to an inactive Co(III) species each cycle. Thus the effective catalyst concentration is diminished at high [Co(II)] and high [Ru- (III)] / [Co(II)] ratios. The production of peroxide in eq 5 is chemically reasonable and receives some support from electrochemical studies of Co(II).11 1The oxidation of H202 by Ru-(bpy)33+ (eq 7) is sufficiently rapid (ktff = 5 X 102 M'1 s'1 at pH 73) when [Ru(II)] > 5 [Ru(III)] to quantitatively oxidize H202to 02.The sequence eq 2-5 and 7 provides a mechanism for Co(II) catalysis of eq 1. It gives rise to a rate law of the observed form when reaction 4, oxidation of Co(III) to Co(IV), is the slow step preceded by equilibria 2 and 3. Provided that Co2+ and Co(OH)2+ are the dominant forms of Co(II) and Co(III), respectively, a is equal to nK2K3kA where n is 4 when reaction 7 is rapid. From the Co(H20)63+/2+ reduction potential (1.86 V12) and estimated Con+ hydrolysis constants,13 K2K3¡[H+]2 is ~1 X 10"2 at pH 7 (i.e., K2 = 10"18•8 and £°(Co(OH)2+/Co(OH)2) = 1.1 V), giving kA {=a/4K2K3) ~1 X 106 7M"1 s'1 and k¡ > 100 s'1. The formation of Co(IV) is thus implicated to be rate determining in the Co(II) catalysis of eq 1 at pH ~7. At present the rate constant for the reaction of Co(IV) with water (hydroxide ion) can only be estimated as >100 s'1 at pH 7. Future experiments may provide greater insight into the details of 0-0 bond formation on Co(IV).Acknowledgment. We thank E. Norton for performing the cobalt analyses. This work was carried out at Brookhaven National Laboratory under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy and supported by its Office of Basic Energy Sciences.

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“…Those are the Reetz chelation model35 and Evans non-chelating dipole interaction model 36. However, both analyses predict the formation of 1,3- anti products.…”

The Chelation-controlled Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction of Chiral α- and β-Alkoxy Aldehydes

“…2831 The same applies to reactions of β-chiral β-alkoxy aldehydes leading to 1,3-asymmetric induction. 40,41 The use of enol silanes as carbon nucleophiles in these processes is a particularly important application of the general principle. Thus, the Mukaiyama aldol addition in transformations of this type constitutes an important method in the toolbox of synthetic organic chemists, as evidenced by numerous natural products syntheses.…”

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