1‐3‐Type Composites Based on Ferroelectrics: Electromechanical Coupling, Figures of Merit, and Piezotechnical Energy‐Harvesting Applications

Abstract

The physical and microgeometric factors that are able to improve the piezoelectric performance, anisotropy, and energy‐harvesting characteristics of modern 1‐3‐type composites based on ferroelectrics are discussed. The composite connectivity patterns of particular interest for this study include 1‐3‐0, 1‐0‐3, and 1‐2‐2. The active components of the studied composites are chosen from conventional perovskite‐type ferroelectric ceramics, lead‐free materials, or domain‐engineered single crystals, all of which exhibit particularly intriguing electromechanical properties. Examples of the large anisotropy of piezoelectric coefficients, electromechanical coupling factors, squared figures of merit, and large hydrostatic parameters of the three‐component 1‐3‐type composites are considered in the context of their piezotechnical applications. The applications of these materials include piezoelectric transducers, sensors, energy‐harvesting, and hydroacoustic devices.

Factors affecting the piezoelectric performance of ceramic-polymer composites: A comprehensive review

“…There are ten patterns, illustrated in Figure 2, for ceramic and polymer phase connectivity with conformations ranging from a 0-0 unconnected pattern to a 3-3 pattern in which the ceramic and the polymer phases are three-dimensionally selfconnected [46]. Amongst the vast array of connectivity possibilities, the 1-3 pattern has been extensively used in energy harvesting and biomedical applications such as ultrasound imaging, sensors, and hydroacoustic devices due to their high electromechanical coupling factor, hydrostatic voltage coefficient, and enhanced piezoelectric coefficient [47][48][49][50]. Another novelty in the 1-3 connectivity architectural configuration is the bio-inspired 1-3 piezoelectric composites emerging as promising candidates for flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting devices, due to their improved mechanical and piezoelectric properties when compared to conventional piezoelectric polymer composites with particle fillers [51].…”

Highly Flexible, High‐Performance, and Stretchable Piezoelectric Sensor Based on a Hierarchical Droplet‐Shaped Ceramics with Enhanced Damage Tolerance

“…[6b] Thirdly, the formation of piezoelectric composites that consist of randomly dispersed and isolated piezoelectric particles in a continuous polymer matrix is classified as a "0-3" piezoelectric composite based on the concept of dimensional connectivity. [9] The lack of a high degree of connectivity of the piezoelectric phase in a 0-3 composites hinders charge transport and degrades its electrical performance; for example, by reducing the piezoelectric charge coefficients (d ij ). [10] Previous strategies to develop a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester with high power output have attempted to embed millimeter-scale porous ceramic pillars into a flexible polymer matrix.…”

Investigation of Electromechanical Properties on 3-D Printed Piezoelectric Composite Scaffold Structures

“…Amongst all these possible connectivities, 0-3, 1-3, 2-2 and 3-3 patterns are extensively used in ultrasound imaging, sensors, hydroacoustic devices, energy harvesting, etc., due to their high flexibility, high hydrostatic voltage coefficient, and better acoustic impedance matching [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Contributions on the fabrication of 0-3 and 1-3 composites using fibrous structures were reported previously [11,12].…”