1,4-Dichlorobenzene Marine Risk Assessment with Special Reference to the Osparcom Region: North Sea

Abstract

This risk assessment on 1,4-dichlorobenzene was carried out for the marine environment, following methodology given in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1996). Data from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area were collected and evaluated on effects and environmental concentrations. Risk is indicated by the ratio of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 17 data for fish, 9 data for invertebrates and 7 data for algae were evaluated. Acute and chronic toxicity studies were taken into account and appropriate assessment factors used to define a final PNEC value of 20 microg/l. Recent monitoring data indicate that 1,4-dichlorobenzene levels in coastal waters and estuaries are below the determination limit of 0.1 microg/l used in monitoring programs. The worst case value recorded in river water is below 0.45 microg/l. Using these values, calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give safety margins of about 40-200, taking no account of dilution in the sea. Environmental fate and bioaccumulation data indicate that current use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene poses no risk to the aquatic environment.

Wet Peroxide Oxidation of Chlorobenzenes Catalyzed by Goethite and Promoted by Hydroxylamine

“…Between these chlorinated organic compounds (COCs), chlorobenzenes (nCBs, (n = mono, di, tri, tetra)) are commonly chlorinated pollutants in soil and groundwater [8]. Their occurrence in the environment is because they are often used in the manufacture of pesticides, dyes, and other widely used chemicals [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Biotransformation and antioxidant response in Ceratophyllum demersum experimentally exposed to 1,2- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene

“…Concentrations of DCBs are variable within the environment. The amounts of dissolved DCBs are generally within the ng to lg per liter range (Oliver and Nicol, 1982;Boutonnet et al, 2004;Malcolm et al, 2004). Our own experience shows that dissolved DCBs are present in Suquı ´a River reaching 10 lg l À1 , while DCBs 0045-6535/$ -see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.…”

Regeneration of Granulated Spent Activated Carbon with 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Using Thermally Activated Persulfate

“…Examples are 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, or 1,4-dichlorobenzene, among others. However, due to their widespread and common use as wood preservatives, pesticides, solvents, hydraulic fluids, or dielectric oil, these COCs still pose an elevated risk to the environment − due to their persistent character, so the design of abatement techniques must be accomplished.…”