1-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-3-(4-tolyl)triazene as a derivatizing reagent for the analysis of urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides by gas chromatography

Takade, Dennis Y.; Reynolds, John Mark; Nelson, James H.

doi:10.1021/jf60224a003

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The urine was freeze -dried and derivatized using benzyltolyltriazine reagent ( Daughton et al, 1979;Takade et al, 1979 ). A saturated salt solution was added to the tubes and the benzyl derivatives were extracted using cyclohexane and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (GC /FPD ) (Shafik and Enos, 1969;Lores and Bradway, 1977 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide exposure and creatinine variation among young children

O'Rourke

Lizardi

Rogan

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Pesticide exposure may differentially impact young children; they live closer to the ground and take in greater amounts of food relative to body mass than older children or adults. We are using an organophosphate ( OP ) urinary biomarker screen ( gas chromatography with flame photometric detection, GC / FPD ) to evaluate pesticide exposure among 154 children 6 years of age living in a heavily farmed border ( US ± Mexico ) community. The screen detects diethylphosphates ( DEPs ) and dimethylphosphates ( DMPs ) above a reference range of 1000 non -occupationally exposed individuals ( DL= 25 g / g creatinine, Cr ) . At least one metabolite was detected for 33% of the subjects; many samples contained multiple biomarkers. DEP was detected in 5% of the subjects. DMP and DMTP were frequently measured ( 25% and 26%, respectively ) . Biomarker concentrations are adjusted by the body's metabolism of Cr as an indicator of urine dilution. Cr concentrations were examined separately to evaluate their effect on internal dose measures. Cr concentrations were significantly different by season ( K ± W = 0.83, P= 0.022 ) . Significant differences exist between the autumn:spring ( P= 0.038 ) Cr concentrations and between summer:autumn ( P= 0.041 ) Cr concentrations based on Mann ± Whitney U = 1070.5, z = À 2.041, ( P= 0.041 ) . Our analysis of NHANES III data did not reflect seasonal Cr differences for 6 year olds. No younger children were included. Absorbed daily dose ( ADD ) estimates were calculated for children with the highest concentrations of metabolite. Calculations are theoretical values assuming that the entirety of a given metabolite was metabolized from a single pesticide. Several class -appropriate pesticides were evaluated. For the children with the highest levels, almost all estimated ADDs exceeded the RfD. Although the actual metabolite concentrations dropped appreciably, ADD were still exceeded RfDs at the 95th percentile. The urinary OP screen was effective in identifying subjects with atypical internal doses. Daily Cr yield is a critical component in ADD calculations. Cr variability produces differences in internal dose measurement and estimates of ADD independent of exposure. Cr variability among young children needs to be examined, and caution should be applied when evaluating Cr adjusted internal doses for children. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology ( 2000 ) 10, 672 ± 681.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide exposure and creatinine variation among young children

O'Rourke

Lizardi

Rogan

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…However, several limitations were associated with use of these reagents [12,23,25]. Many other reagents such as quaternary ammonium salts [36][37][38], silylating agents [19], arylalkyltriazenes [39], 1-chloro-3-iodopropane [28,32] and pentafluorobenzylbromide [17,22,24,27,31,40,41] have also been used with the latter being used more frequently in the recent past. The derivatives are analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with flame photometric detection, flame ionization detection, mass spectrometry, or tandem mass spectrometry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of human urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolites by automated solid-phase extraction, post extraction derivatization, and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Alwis

Needham

Barr

2006

Journal of Chromatography B

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“…At the end of every 24 hr the volumes were recorded and a 100-ml aliquot was stored in a 250ml polyethylene bottle. Samples were stored and shipped frozen to the Pacific Toxicology Laboratories (Los Angeles, California), where analyses for dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), dimethylphosphate (DMP) and dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) measurements were completed using the method of Takade et al (13). Creatinine measurements were used to adjust results of dialkylphosphates to milligrams per gram creatinine.…”

Section: Urine Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Peach Harvest Workers Exposed to Azinphosmethyl Residues in Sutter County, California, 1991

Schneider

Steenland

Hernandez

et al. 1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Peach harvest workers were evaluated for exposure to azinphosmethyl residues by measuring foliar residues, urinary alkylphosphate metabolites, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and dermal residues using clothing and skin washes. Workers entered orchards 51 days after application and worked in treated fields for 10 of the next 17 days. Dislodgeable foliar residues ranged from 0.82 to 1.72 microg/cm2 and did not change significantly over the study period. Combined mean dermal exposure for the 3 consecutive monitoring days was 32 mg and ranged from 17.9 to 60.5 mg. Overall mean excretion levels for the 5 monitoring days were 1.7 mg dimethylphosphate and 1.9 mg dimethlythiophosphate. There was no significant difference in BChE between the exposed harvesters and minimally exposed sorters. The exposed group had significantly lower AChE values than the sorters for 2 post-exposure blood draws by three testing methods, while no significant difference was found for the pre-exposure blood draw. The AChE values for the post-exposure blood samples for the exposed workers decreased significantly about 10-20% over the 3-week exposure period but increased or remained constant for the sorters. Urinary metabolite excretion increased with continuous exposure and was inversely correlated with both AChE and BChE but was not correlated with dermal exposure measurements. High correlations were generally observed between AChE measurements taken in the field using a new spectrophotometric kit and laboratory AChE measurements.ImagesFigure 1.Figure 2.

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1-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-3-(4-tolyl)triazene as a derivatizing reagent for the analysis of urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides by gas chromatography

Abstract: Agency, Washington, DC. The views expressed herein are those of the investigators and do not necessarily reflect the official viewpoint of the Environmental Protection Agency. Financial support by the Graduate College, University of Iowa, is also gratefully acknowledged.

Cited by 24 publications

References 10 publications

Pesticide exposure and creatinine variation among young children

Pesticide exposure and creatinine variation among young children

Measurement of human urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolites by automated solid-phase extraction, post extraction derivatization, and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Monitoring Peach Harvest Workers Exposed to Azinphosmethyl Residues in Sutter County, California, 1991

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