10 Perfusion Methods for the Study of Gill Physiology

Perry, Steve F.; Davie, Peter S.; Daxboeck, C.; Ellis, Andrew G.; Smith, David G.

doi:10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60189-2

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…As most vascular beds are preperfused with Ringer or saline to remove blood prior to resin perfusions, it is also imperative that this solution be compatible with the vasculature with respect to temperature, ion content and composition, pH and dissolved gases, especially COz (cf. Perry and Daxboeck, 1986;Perry et al, 1984). It is also important that the rinse solution be perfused under physiological pressures to minimize distortion and subsequent extravasation of the resin.…”

Section: Vascular Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vasculature of the fish gill: Anatomical correlates of physiological functions

Olson

1991

J. Elec. Microsc. Tech.

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The fish gill is a multifunctional organ responsible for respiration, osmoregulation, acid base balance, nitrogen excretion, and metabolism of circulating hormones. Two or more microcirculatory systems subserve these activities and form one of the most complex vascular networks found in any vertebrate. In this article the vascular anatomy of the teleost gill and the role of gill vessels in mediating physiological function are examined. Vascular corrosion replication techniques have been instrumental in resolving the spatial organization of gill microcirculation. Variations in the replication procedures provide information on the interrelationships between the vascular pathways, factors that govern flow distribution, and the physical characteristics of the vessels themselves. Anatomically, gill vessels are as diverse as their physiological functions. Pillar cells, unique to the fish gill, form the lining of the respiratory vasculature and may have substantial metabolic effects on circulating hormones. The non-respiratory pathways appear to be lined with both typical and unusual endothelial cells, although the fine structure and function(s) of these vessels are largely unknown. To date most of the information on gill vessels has been derived from descriptive morphological studies. Further evaluation of the anatomical and physiological correlations of these tissues is predicated upon the application of histocytochemical, morphometric, and other quantitative methodologies as well as an examination of gills from fish with various evolutionary and environmental backgrounds.

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Section: Vascular Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vasculature of the fish gill: Anatomical correlates of physiological functions

Olson

1991

J. Elec. Microsc. Tech.

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“…Other stressful events known to lead to excessive mucus release or accumulation in fish gills include exposure to heavy metals (Varanasi et al 1975), and exposure to acidic water (reviewed by Alabaster & Lloyd 1980) and aluminium ions at low pH (reviewed by O'Donnell et al 1984). Mucus accumulation is also a common feature of many isolated, perfused gill preparations (Perry et al 1984). Excessive mucus release during handling remains as a major restriction to our understanding of the functions of gill mucus in vivo.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The surface is exposed, in vivo, to high rates of water flow and these are difficult to produce in isolated preparations. The tissue is also capable, in most species, of producing large quantities of mucus which adhere to its surface, disturbing water flow and possibly most other surface-related processes (Perry et al 1984). The nature of this 'mucous layer' and its effect on ion distributions at the gill surface have not been confirmed by measurement .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Studies on the fish-gill microclimate: interactions between gill tissue, mucus and water-quality

Shephard

1992

Environ Biol Fish

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SynopsisSingle gill filaments, isolated from carp and exposed to flowing water, produced mucous layers that filled the spaces between secondary lamellae. Filaments, removed from fish acclimated to either tap water or to ion-poor water, were exposed either to acclimation water or to acidified acclimation water with added aluminium. Ion-selective microelectrodes and 3 M KC1 electrodes were used to measure conditions at the filament surface and within the filament's efferent filament artery. Isolated filaments maintained a constant transepithelial potential difference but internal pH and sodium concentration were less stable in some water qualities. Surface accessibility for microclimate analysis, however, was excellent. Small gradients of Na+ and more substantial gradients of pH were found in ion-poor water and in acidified water qualities, respectively. Mucus is thought to contribute to these gradients by providing an unstirred layer between gill tissue and external water. The filament microclimate was only slightly dependent on the ion-exchange properties of mucus and these were only marginally and unpredictably influenced by water quality.

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“…Using this approach, Chen et al (10) demonstrated that rainbow trout experiencing sustained increases in blood pressure exhibited blunted pressor responses to exogenous catecholamines or hypercapnia. The latter condition is known to elevate blood pressure owing to the combined effects of increased circulating catecholamine levels and sympathetic nerve activity (47). Thus, one known consequence of chronically elevated blood pressure in trout is a reduced sensitivity of systemic ␣-adrenergic receptors to catecholamines of humoral or neural origin.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of chronic dietary salt loading on the renin angiotensin and adrenergic systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Perry

Ellis

Russell

et al. 2011

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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NJ, Montpetit C. Effects of chronic dietary salt loading on the renin angiotensin and adrenergic systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R811-R821, 2011. First published June 22, 2011 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00244.2011.-Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic dietary salt loading causes hypertension and a decreased sensitivity of the systemic vasculature to ␣-adrenergic stimulation and other hypertensive stimuli (e.g. hypercapnia) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This reduced sensitivity to hypertensive stimuli is consistent with a possible blunting of homeostatic responses normally aimed at raising blood pressure. To test this idea, we examined the consequences of long-term salt feeding and the associated hypertension on the interactive capacities of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and adrenergic systems to elevate blood pressure in trout. Secretion of catecholamines in response to a range of doses of homologous ANG II in vivo and in situ (using a perfused posterior cardinal vein preparation) was reduced in the salt-fed fish. The reduced sensitivity to ANG II could not be explained by alterations in stored catecholamine (adrenaline or noradrenaline) levels or the general responsiveness of the chromaffin cells to depolarizing stimuli (60 mmol/l KCl). Despite the decreased responsiveness of the chromaffin cells to ANG II, plasma catecholamines were increased to a greater extent in the salt-fed fish during acute hypoxia (a condition that activates the RAS). Interestingly, the pressor effects of ANG II in vivo were actually heightened in the salt-fed fish. The increased pressor response to exogenous ANG II was likely attributable to its direct interaction with vascular ANG II receptors because the effect persisted even after blockade of ␣-adrenergic receptors. Treating fish with the vascular smooth muscle relaxant papaverine caused similar reductions in blood pressure and increases in plasma ANG II levels regardless of diet. Similarly, inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with lisinopril reduced blood pressure equally in control and salt-fed fish. These results indicate that, while long-term dietary salt loading blunts the response of trout chromaffin cells to ANG II, the RAS itself appears to be unaffected. Indeed, the capacity of ANG II to elevate blood pressure is not compromised nor do fish exhibit a reduced capacity to mount an acute humoral adrenergic stress response during acute hypoxia. high dietary salt; hypertension; catecholamines; chromaffin cells; angiotensin II; hypoxia; control of blood pressure ALTHOUGH EPIDEMIOLOGICAL studies (21) have revealed a significant correlation between dietary salt intake and blood pressure in humans, the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly identified (for reviews see Refs. 6 and 30). In most individuals, the vascular volume expansion associated with moderately increased levels of ingested salt is restored rapidly by increased urine production, and thus the related increases in blood pressur...

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10 Perfusion Methods for the Study of Gill Physiology

Cited by 29 publications

References 112 publications

Vasculature of the fish gill: Anatomical correlates of physiological functions

Vasculature of the fish gill: Anatomical correlates of physiological functions

Studies on the fish-gill microclimate: interactions between gill tissue, mucus and water-quality

Effects of chronic dietary salt loading on the renin angiotensin and adrenergic systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

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